【雙語閱讀】2017年諾貝爾獎得主及其成就.

　　為幫助廣大考生更好地準(zhǔn)備雅思、托福、SAT等考試，澳際留學(xué)特推出【英語學(xué)習(xí)】頻道，涵蓋基礎(chǔ)英語、實(shí)用英語、娛樂英語等多項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，在您通往成功的道路上做您最堅(jiān)實(shí)的左膀右臂。

　　Medicine: Oct. 8

　　Gurdon, Yamanaka

　　The Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineAffiliations: John B. Gurdon, born in 1933, is at the Gurdon Institute, part of Cambridge University. Shinya Yamanaka, born in 1962, is a professor at Kyoto University and is affiliated with the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.

　　In Their Research: Mr. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialization of cells is reversible. More than 40 years later, Mr. Yamanaka discovered how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells.

　　In the Real World: Without this discovery, known as cellular reprogramming, Dolly the sheep and later cloning experiments would not have been possible. It also allows scientists to create human embryonic stem cells without destroying human embryos, sidestepping an approach long been fraught with ethical controversies.

　　“My goal, all my life, is to bring this stem cell technology to the bedside, to patients, to clinics.”

　　─ Shinya Yamanaka

　　*********************************

　　Physics: Oct. 9

　　Haroche, Wineland

　　The Nobel Prize in PhysicsAffiliations: Serge Haroche is a professor at the College de France and Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. David J. Wineland is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado in Boulder.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Haroche and Wineland devised clever laboratory experiments that made it possible to control ghostly quantum particles, an achievement that many theoretical physicists believed could never be done.

　　In the Real World: The work has led to the creation of clocks more than 100 times as precise as existing cesium clocks. They have laid the groundwork for a possible quantum computer that would leave today&aposs speediest computers in the dust.

　　“Perhaps the quantum computer will change our everyday lives in this century in the same radical way as the classical computer did in the last century.”

　　─ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

　　****************************

　　Chemistry: Oct. 10

　　Lkowitz, Kobilka

　　The Nobel Prize in ChemistryAffiliations: Robert J. Lkowitz is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C. Brian K. Kobilka is a professor at Stanford University School of Medicine in California.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Lkowitz and Kobilka made groundbreaking discoveries, mainly in the 1980s, on an important family of receptors, known as G-protein-coupled receptors. In 2011, Mr. Kobilka&aposs team captured an image of the receptor for adrenaline at the moment when it is activated by a hormone and sends a signal into the cell.

　　In the Real World: This basic understanding of the chemistry of cell communication could be key to development of new treatments for diabetes, depression, cancer and other ills.

　　&aposThink of a disease and there is probably a medicine there that affects the G-protein-coupled receptor.&apos

　　─ Sven Lidin, chairman of the prize committee

　　***************************

　　Literature: Oct. 11

　　Mo Yan

　　The Nobel Prize in LiteratureAffiliations: Chinese

　　In the Books: The Swedish Academy said Mo Yan &aposmerges folk tales, history and the contemporary&apos with &aposhallucinatory realism.&apos

　　In the Real World: Mo Yan first gained widespread fame for the 1987 novel &aposRed Sorghum,&apos which was later made into an award-winning film. Known as a prolific writer, many of his novels have been translated into English, including &aposLife and Death Are Wearing Me Out.&apos He has been criticized in recent years by writers and human-rights activists for failing to use his stature to push for greater freedom of expression in China.

　　&aposHe applies an avant garde fictional vision that gives most of his stories a mythic and absurd quality, revealing influences of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.&apos

　　─ Prof. Charles Laughlin, University of Virginia

　　Peace: Oct. 12

　　Economics: Oct. 15

　　【中文對照翻譯】

　　醫(yī)學(xué)獎：10月8日揭曉

　　AFP/Getty Images格登、山中伸彌

　　生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎

　　獲獎人：約翰?B?格登(John B. Gurdon)，生于1933年，任職于劍橋大學(xué)(Cambridge University)的格登學(xué)院(Gurdon Institute)。山中伸彌(Shinya Yamanaka)，生于1962年，京都大學(xué)(Kyoto University)教授、舊金山格萊斯頓研究院(Gladstone Institutes)高級研究員。

　　獲獎研究：格登在1962年發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞分化可逆。40多年后，山中伸彌發(fā)現(xiàn)了重組老鼠身上完整成熟細(xì)胞、使之變成未成熟干細(xì)胞的方法。

　　現(xiàn)實(shí)意義：沒有這個名為“細(xì)胞重組”的發(fā)現(xiàn)，綿羊“多利”還有后來的克隆實(shí)驗(yàn)就不會成為可能。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)還使科學(xué)家能夠在不破壞人類胚胎的情況下制造人類胚胎干細(xì)胞，而不必采用一個長期充滿倫理爭議的方法。

　　我的目標(biāo)，我的人生，是將這一干細(xì)胞技術(shù)帶到病床邊，帶給病人，帶給醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)。

　　──山中伸彌

　　*********************************

　　物理學(xué)獎：10月9日揭曉

　　阿羅什、瓦恩蘭

　　獲獎人：塞爾日?阿羅什(Serge Haroche)為法蘭西學(xué)院(College de France)和巴黎高等師范學(xué)校(Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris)教授。戴維?瓦恩蘭(David J. Wineland)任職于美國商務(wù)部國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與技術(shù)研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology)和科羅拉多大學(xué)博爾德分校(University of Colorado in Boulder)。

　　獲獎研究：阿羅什和瓦恩蘭發(fā)明了精妙的室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法，使控制撲朔迷離的量子粒子成為可能。很多理論物理學(xué)家以為這一成就永遠(yuǎn)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。

　　現(xiàn)實(shí)意義：他們的研究已經(jīng)帶來比現(xiàn)行銫鐘精確100多倍的時鐘，并為研制一種讓今天最快計(jì)算機(jī)都望塵莫及的量子計(jì)算機(jī)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

　　量子計(jì)算機(jī)或許會像傳統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)在上個世紀(jì)那樣，給我們在這個世紀(jì)的日常生活帶來翻天覆地的變化。

　　──瑞典皇家科學(xué)院(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)

　　****************************

　　化學(xué)獎：10月10日揭曉

　　Associated Press羅伯特?萊夫科維茨和布萊恩?科比爾卡

　　獲獎人：羅伯特?萊夫科維茨(Robert Lkowitz)現(xiàn)為美國霍華德?休斯醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(Howard Hughes Medical Institute)研究員，同時也在北卡羅萊納州達(dá)勒姆的杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心(Duke University Medical Center)擔(dān)任教授。布萊恩?科比爾卡(Brian Kobilka)目前在加州的斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院(Stanford University Medical School)擔(dān)任教授。

　　獲獎研究：萊夫科維茨和科比爾卡在一類重要的受體──G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(G-protein-coupled receptors)研究領(lǐng)域取得了突破性發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究主要是在上世紀(jì)80年代進(jìn)行的。2011年，科比爾卡的小組抓拍到了一張腎上腺素受體被激素激活并向細(xì)胞發(fā)出信號時的照片。

　　現(xiàn)實(shí)意義：這是在細(xì)胞通訊的化學(xué)機(jī)理方面取得的基本認(rèn)識，可能對開發(fā)治療糖尿病、抑郁癥、癌癥和其他疾病的新方法起到重要作用。

　　想像一種疾病，可能會有一種藥物可以影響患者的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體。

　　──諾貝爾化學(xué)獎評選委員會主席利金(Sven Lidin)

　　***************************

　　文學(xué)獎：10月11月揭曉

　　Associated Press莫言

　　獲獎人：中國籍

　　獲獎理由：瑞典文學(xué)院(Swedish Academy)說，莫言用“夢幻般的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”將“民間傳說、歷史與當(dāng)代融為一體”。

　　現(xiàn)實(shí)意義：1987年，莫言憑藉小說《紅高粱》而一舉成名。該書后被改編成電影，并獲得了大獎。莫言是一名多產(chǎn)作家，很多小說被翻譯成英文，其中包括《生死疲勞》。近年來他受到作家和人權(quán)活動人士的批評，他們稱他沒有用自己的身份地位推進(jìn)中國言論自由的進(jìn)程。

　　他運(yùn)用了大膽前衛(wèi)的想像，使故事具有了神話般的荒誕色彩，這體現(xiàn)出了?？思{(William Faulkner)和馬爾克斯(Gabriel Garcia Marquez)對他的影響。

　　──弗吉尼亞大學(xué)(University of Virginia)教授羅福林(Charles Laughlin)

　　******************

　　和平獎：10月12日揭曉

　　經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎：10月15日揭曉

　　以下部分為【雙語閱讀】內(nèi)容，中文翻譯部分見第二頁。

　　為幫助廣大考生更好地準(zhǔn)備雅思、托福、SAT等考試，澳際留學(xué)特推出【英語學(xué)習(xí)】頻道，涵蓋基礎(chǔ)英語、實(shí)用英語、娛樂英語等多項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，在您通往成功的道路上做您最堅(jiān)實(shí)的左膀右臂。

　　Medicine: Oct. 8

　　Gurdon, Yamanaka

　　The Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineAffiliations: John B. Gurdon, born in 1933, is at the Gurdon Institute, part of Cambridge University. Shinya Yamanaka, born in 1962, is a professor at Kyoto University and is affiliated with the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.

　　In Their Research: Mr. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialization of cells is reversible. More than 40 years later, Mr. Yamanaka discovered how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells.

　　In the Real World: Without this discovery, known as cellular reprogramming, Dolly the sheep and later cloning experiments would not have been possible. It also allows scientists to create human embryonic stem cells without destroying human embryos, sidestepping an approach long been fraught with ethical controversies.

　　“My goal, all my life, is to bring this stem cell technology to the bedside, to patients, to clinics.”

　　─ Shinya Yamanaka

　　*********************************

　　Physics: Oct. 9

　　Haroche, Wineland

　　The Nobel Prize in PhysicsAffiliations: Serge Haroche is a professor at the College de France and Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. David J. Wineland is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado in Boulder.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Haroche and Wineland devised clever laboratory experiments that made it possible to control ghostly quantum particles, an achievement that many theoretical physicists believed could never be done.

　　In the Real World: The work has led to the creation of clocks more than 100 times as precise as existing cesium clocks. They have laid the groundwork for a possible quantum computer that would leave today&aposs speediest computers in the dust.

　　“Perhaps the quantum computer will change our everyday lives in this century in the same radical way as the classical computer did in the last century.”

　　─ Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

　　****************************

　　Chemistry: Oct. 10

　　Lkowitz, Kobilka

　　The Nobel Prize in ChemistryAffiliations: Robert J. Lkowitz is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and professor at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, N.C. Brian K. Kobilka is a professor at Stanford University School of Medicine in California.

　　In Their Research: Messrs. Lkowitz and Kobilka made groundbreaking discoveries, mainly in the 1980s, on an important family of receptors, known as G-protein-coupled receptors. In 2011, Mr. Kobilka&aposs team captured an image of the receptor for adrenaline at the moment when it is activated by a hormone and sends a signal into the cell.

　　In the Real World: This basic understanding of the chemistry of cell communication could be key to development of new treatments for diabetes, depression, cancer and other ills.

　　&aposThink of a disease and there is probably a medicine there that affects the G-protein-coupled receptor.&apos

　　─ Sven Lidin, chairman of the prize committee

　　***************************

　　Literature: Oct. 11

　　Mo Yan

　　The Nobel Prize in LiteratureAffiliations: Chinese

　　In the Books: The Swedish Academy said Mo Yan &aposmerges folk tales, history and the contemporary&apos with &aposhallucinatory realism.&apos

　　In the Real World: Mo Yan first gained widespread fame for the 1987 novel &aposRed Sorghum,&apos which was later made into an award-winning film. Known as a prolific writer, many of his novels have been translated into English, including &aposLife and Death Are Wearing Me Out.&apos He has been criticized in recent years by writers and human-rights activists for failing to use his stature to push for greater freedom of expression in China.

　　&aposHe applies an avant garde fictional vision that gives most of his stories a mythic and absurd quality, revealing influences of William Faulkner and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.&apos

　　─ Prof. Charles Laughlin, University of Virginia

　　Peace: Oct. 12

　　Economics: Oct. 15

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