GMAT OG12閱讀翻譯練習(xí)一.

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　　GMAT閱讀翻譯1

　　A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.

　　In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. The explanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores—in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass tht due to relatively high predator densities.

　　近期的一項研究為更新世后期食肉動物的捕食動態(tài)提供了線索。就食肉動物牙齒的磨損情況，研究者在現(xiàn)今食肉動物和生活在3600到10000年前的食肉動物(遺存于洛杉磯的拉布雷亞牧場瀝青坑中)之間做了對比。這些已滅絕物種的牙齒破損發(fā)生率要明顯高于現(xiàn)存物種。

　　在考慮對這一發(fā)現(xiàn)各種可能的解釋時，研究者排除了統(tǒng)計偏差，因為年老個體沒有過多占據(jù)化石樣本總體。排除了可能因保存不當(dāng)造成的偏差，因為兩個完全沒有破損的滅絕物種化石表明磨損不是由坑中的摩擦造成的。排除了地域性偏差，因為從其它更新世發(fā)掘地獲得的數(shù)據(jù)與拉布雷亞的數(shù)據(jù)相近。而后研究者得出了他們認(rèn)為最合理的解釋——是因為滅絕物種和現(xiàn)存物種行為上的差異，尤其是由于已滅絕捕食者對獵物更徹底的啃食，使其牙齒與獵物骨頭有更多的接觸。研究者由這種徹底的啃食行為推斷，不是獵物太少(至少是季節(jié)性的)，就是捕食者太多，以致獵殺時有激烈的競爭和頻繁的獵物盜取。

　　GMAT閱讀翻譯2

　　Ecoficiency (measures to minimize environmental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing signgficant cost savings from such innovation. Peter Senge and Ganor Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest thatsimply adopting ecoficiency innovation could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future. Such innovations reduce production waste but do not alter the number of products manufactured nor the waste generated from their use and discord; indeed, most companies invest in ecoficiency improvements in order to increase profits and growth. Moreover, there is mo guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoficiency will come in similarlu ecoficient ways, since in today’s global matkets, gteater profits may be turned in old-style eco-inficient industries. Even a vastly more ecoficient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate more total waste and destroy more habitat and apecies than would a smaller, less ecoficient economy. Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global environment and sustain economic growth businesses must develop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoficiency, which offers a compelling business case according to established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.

　　提高生態(tài)效率(通過減少或消除生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的廢物以最大限度地減小其對環(huán)境影響的措施)已成為全世界公司的目標(biāo)。許多公司通過這一革新實現(xiàn)了明顯的開銷縮減。Peter Senge 和 Ganor Carstedt 認(rèn)為這一發(fā)展是值得稱贊的，但是僅僅采取這種技術(shù)革新實際上會加重未來的環(huán)境壓力。這種革新雖然減少了生產(chǎn)廢料，但是并沒有改變產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)數(shù)量以及使用和丟棄產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量。再者，也不能保證因提高生態(tài)效率獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長會以同樣的方式推行，因為在現(xiàn)今國際市場，更多的收益可能會轉(zhuǎn)變成投資資本，很容易再次投入老式的無生態(tài)效率的產(chǎn)業(yè)。甚至生態(tài)效率更高的生產(chǎn)體系在擴大后也會產(chǎn)生出更多的廢棄物，破壞更多的棲息地，危害更多的物種。Senge 和Carstedt 認(rèn)為要想保護(hù)世界環(huán)境同時又保持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，企業(yè)必須運用一種能減少材料使用總量和廢料積累總量的系統(tǒng)性方法?，F(xiàn)有的生態(tài)效率的理念提出了一種吸引人的商業(yè)方案，但僅關(guān)注與這一點會妨礙公司追求不同的產(chǎn)品和商業(yè)模式。

　　GMAT閱讀翻譯3

　　Tradionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benited from the unique opportunity to shape product dinitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.

　　Producers of the Beta format for videocassette recorders(VCRs),for example, were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975, but producers of the rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.

　　Despite Beta’s substantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS format further expanded VHS’s share of the market. By the end of the 1980s, beta was no longer in production.

　　按照慣例，第一個把新技術(shù)商業(yè)化的公司會從中獲益，因為只有這一公司有機會給新產(chǎn)品下定義。這將迫使其仿效者適應(yīng)這一規(guī)范產(chǎn)品或投資另一種未經(jīng)檢驗的替代品。但是今天，只有那些以批量生產(chǎn)經(jīng)銷為目的，領(lǐng)先發(fā)展綜合方法的公司才可能獲得最大的收益。

　　例如，1975年，Bata錄影帶的生產(chǎn)商首次將他們的產(chǎn)品商業(yè)化，結(jié)果獲得更大成功的卻是其對手VHS錄影帶的生產(chǎn)商，因為他們與其他生產(chǎn)商和經(jīng)銷商建立戰(zhàn)略性聯(lián)盟來生產(chǎn)和銷售他們的產(chǎn)品。然而，Bata錄影帶生產(chǎn)商為了繼續(xù)獨霸錄影帶的銷售，對這種聯(lián)盟的建立猶豫不決，最終在全球錄影帶市場的競爭下失去了一席之地。

　　Bata以價值巨大的技術(shù)占領(lǐng)先機，VHS在技術(shù)上不比Bata強，在價格上也不便宜，然而 VHS很快在重要領(lǐng)域的銷售上略有領(lǐng)先。與磁帶生產(chǎn)商的戰(zhàn)略性聯(lián)盟加強了VHS的優(yōu)勢。消費者認(rèn)為VHS格式的磁帶更容易買到，這也使得VHS獲得了更大的市場份額。到80年代末，Bata已經(jīng)停產(chǎn)了。

　　GMAT閱讀翻譯4

　　During the 1960s and 1970s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another community’s expense: many manufacturing facilities were lured away from their moorings elsewhere through tax incentives and slick promotional forts. Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this practice, one town’s triumph could become another town’s tragedy.

　　On the 1980s the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game to one called “high-technology development,” in which local governments competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing firms. Although this approach was prerable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings: high-tech manufacturing firms employ only a specially trained fraction of the manufacturing workforce, and there simply are not enough high-tech firms to satisfy all geographic areas.

　　Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy; the promotion of homegrown small businesses. Small indigenous businesses are created by a nearly ubiquitous resource, local entrepreneurs. With roots in their communities, these individuals are less likely to be enticed away by incentives offered by another community. Indigenous industry and talent are kept at home, creating an environment that both provides jobs and fosters further entrepreneurship.

　　二十世紀(jì)六七十年代，美國地方政府主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略是吸引制造業(yè)。而這一策略的實施使其它地區(qū)付出代價。由于稅收刺激和促銷努力許多生產(chǎn)設(shè)備被轉(zhuǎn)移到了其他地方。由此帶來的職業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)變和相關(guān)財政收益使得一個市鎮(zhèn)的成功可能成為另一個城鎮(zhèn)的不幸。

　　在八十年代，政府戰(zhàn)略從以前的零和對策變成所謂的“高科技發(fā)展”策略——當(dāng)?shù)卣疇幭辔鲁闪⒌母呖萍忌a(chǎn)公司。雖然這種方法比奪取其它地域工作使其利益受到損害的方法更可取，它還是有缺點的。高科技生產(chǎn)公司只雇傭那些經(jīng)過特殊培訓(xùn)的生產(chǎn)工人，并且沒有足夠多的高科技生產(chǎn)公司來滿足所有地域的需求。

　　最近，地方政府日漸意識到第三種策略——推廣本地小型企業(yè)——的優(yōu)勢。小型當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)由當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)家建立，擁有近乎無所不在的資源。這些企業(yè)家植根于自己所在的地區(qū)中不太可能被其它地區(qū)吸引走。當(dāng)?shù)氐漠a(chǎn)業(yè)和人才都被留住了，這為工作崗位的提供以及未來企業(yè)家的培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)建了環(huán)境。

　　以上是GMAT閱讀翻譯練習(xí)4篇練習(xí)，文章來源于GMAT OG12，考生可針對自身情況合理使用這4篇練習(xí)，通過練習(xí)反思自身問題達(dá)到提高GMAT閱讀水平的目的。