12月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng):對(duì)亞、非物種滅絕的研究.

　　十一月的機(jī)經(jīng)剛分享完，緊接著十二月的GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)就整理出來(lái)了，為大家分享關(guān)于對(duì)亞、非物種滅絕的研究的機(jī)經(jīng)，希望大家能感受到這股暖意，并把它化為能量，在GMAT考試的道路上勇往直前。

　　V1：

　　3段長(zhǎng) 第一段，介紹了背景說(shuō)有人類(lèi)移民到了ASIA和AFRICAN 后大量動(dòng)物滅絕。。。然后又講了又有人類(lèi)移居到的了什么一個(gè)地方后，有更大量的動(dòng)物滅絕。。。說(shuō)ASIA和AFRICAN滅絕的少是因?yàn)閯?dòng)物有時(shí)間來(lái)適應(yīng)人類(lèi)的科技進(jìn)步什么的(有題，就是問(wèn)為什么ASIA和AFRICAN滅絕的少)。。所以是人類(lèi)造成了大量動(dòng)物滅絕。

　　第二段。以前有理論說(shuō)可能是氣候的原因，但是氣候的是不可能的，要不然不會(huì)有什么什么現(xiàn)象出項(xiàng)。。。(有題，問(wèn)如果是氣象的原因那么會(huì)發(fā)生什么狀況)。。。后面講的都沒(méi)什么考點(diǎn)

　　第三段。 最新的發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)應(yīng)該不是人類(lèi)造成動(dòng)物滅絕，因?yàn)閯?dòng)物的敏捷很高，現(xiàn)在就是那這來(lái)福槍你也不能把一個(gè)大象打死啊。。。那些以前的化石不能作為有效的證據(jù)，要以現(xiàn)在動(dòng)物的行動(dòng)來(lái)看，現(xiàn)在動(dòng)物的行為正說(shuō)明了動(dòng)物由于人類(lèi)移民反而進(jìn)化了

　　V2：(700+)

　　作者認(rèn)為某種動(dòng)物滅絕是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)的入侵，而在A(yíng)sia的某種動(dòng)物因?yàn)橛凶銐虻臅r(shí)間適應(yīng)人類(lèi)的入侵所以避免了滅絕的命運(yùn)(有考點(diǎn));很多專(zhuān)家反對(duì)作者的說(shuō)法，說(shuō)有其他原因，作者就對(duì)這些原因一一反駁：說(shuō)如果是climate的原因，某島附近的動(dòng)物A就應(yīng)該與該島的動(dòng)物B一起滅絕，但是實(shí)際是只有B滅絕了……(后面不記得了抱歉)

　　V3：

　　第三篇 一個(gè)大型動(dòng)物的滅絕(忘了是不是恐龍的一種)

　　第一段就是說(shuō)這個(gè)動(dòng)物在各大洲滅絕的時(shí)間， 在各個(gè)大洲的滅絕的時(shí)間不一樣。(有考題，說(shuō)為什么該動(dòng)物在非洲和亞洲滅絕的時(shí)間最晚，我的答案：因?yàn)檫@些動(dòng)物適應(yīng)了homonid的hunt方法，所以死的少。。。。。)

　　第二段就是說(shuō)有觀(guān)點(diǎn)指出這個(gè)動(dòng)物滅絕呀，是因?yàn)樘鞖獾淖兓?，各種自然因素讓它沒(méi)法活。但是反面的觀(guān)點(diǎn)指出，既然是氣候的變化，那為什么相同區(qū)域的該動(dòng)物滅絕時(shí)間卻不一樣呢，像澳大利亞與新西蘭的該動(dòng)物滅絕就不在一個(gè)時(shí)間。。。。(有考題說(shuō)道這個(gè)方面，答案就選，觀(guān)點(diǎn)指出，及時(shí)在相近的區(qū)域，動(dòng)物滅絕也不在一個(gè)時(shí)間段)

　　第三段說(shuō)的我沒(méi)看明白，說(shuō)第二個(gè)counterargument，不理解是針對(duì)第二段的counter還是第一段的counter，就是highlight一個(gè)counterargument。問(wèn)作用，。。我想不起來(lái)了。。。。

　　V4：(750)

　　大型動(dòng)物滅絕的問(wèn)題

　　P1.非洲和亞洲的大型動(dòng)物都是同一時(shí)期，然后歐美又是一個(gè)時(shí)期，所以有科學(xué)家提出可能跟動(dòng)物對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)的過(guò)程有關(guān)，但是又有人說(shuō)是和氣候有關(guān)。

　　P2.說(shuō)冰島和一個(gè)M島的大型動(dòng)物滅絕是在1000年前，如果是由于氣候原因，這兩處應(yīng)該和新西蘭還有非洲差不多時(shí)間，但是卻不同。(問(wèn)該段作用)

　　P3.有人提出是不是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)獵殺的緣故，但是提出說(shuō)沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明，而且那些滅絕的可能正是因?yàn)椴荒苓m應(yīng)環(huán)境，而不是人類(lèi)獵殺(此處有考題)

　　有主旨題

　　考古：by amorela

　　對(duì)亞非物種滅絕的研究

　　V1

　　第二個(gè)counterargument是說(shuō)古時(shí)候人類(lèi)狩獵技巧不高明，所以應(yīng)該很難將m動(dòng)物的滅絕歸因于人類(lèi)。但是作者駁斥說(shuō)，并不需要高超的狩獵用具(用于捕捉現(xiàn)在的大型動(dòng)物，如大象)就可以捕捉到m動(dòng)物，因?yàn)閙動(dòng)物的防御能力并不如現(xiàn)在的大象等，所以自然也不需要高超的狩獵工具。

　　1.問(wèn)「 If hunting evidence are small, then the collecting evidence is nonexistent.」這句話(huà)被作者拿來(lái)做什么用?

　　我選「不能用來(lái)作為反駁「人類(lèi)活動(dòng)造成m動(dòng)物滅絕」這個(gè)理論的理由」

　　2.問(wèn)作者對(duì)第二個(gè)counterargument(即人類(lèi)狩獵技術(shù)不夠好)的反駁暗指下列哪件事?

　　我選「更新世動(dòng)物的防御能力較現(xiàn)存動(dòng)物低」

　　V2

　　說(shuō)一種大型動(dòng)物的滅絕問(wèn)題。三段

　　第一段，先說(shuō)了他們分別在幾個(gè)洲滅絕的時(shí)間和percent。然后結(jié)論是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)的捕獵。

　　第二段，說(shuō)是不是天氣原因呢。舉了例子說(shuō)不是，如果是也會(huì)影響小動(dòng)物和植物。這里有考題，說(shuō)作者用什么論點(diǎn)推翻這個(gè)假設(shè)的。

　　第三段，有人說(shuō)化石里面沒(méi)有證據(jù)，作者就說(shuō)如果這個(gè)證據(jù)很少，別的更沒(méi)證據(jù)。反正作者就是認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了是human hunter。

　　討論了為什么在亞洲和非洲減少的比較慢，早期時(shí)候，我答的是因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候人類(lèi)發(fā)展慢，動(dòng)物有時(shí)間適應(yīng)，美洲都是直接拿槍去殖民的。第一段有，可以確認(rèn)下。

　　V3 (710)

　　第二篇是說(shuō)大型動(dòng)物M(貌似是猛犸象吧～)的滅絕原因，基本上作者就是先描述一下滅絕的時(shí)間和情況然后說(shuō)不知道是人類(lèi)原因還是氣候原因，中間是排除氣候原因，然后說(shuō)就是人類(lèi)HUNTING造成的。也不難。有一個(gè)題目說(shuō)解釋一個(gè)曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的“l(fā)ighter extinction”，文中說(shuō)的是當(dāng)時(shí)人們也處于捕獵技術(shù)成長(zhǎng)的階段，那些動(dòng)物就有時(shí)間去適應(yīng)，答案就是這個(gè)意思的一個(gè)改寫(xiě)

　　V4 (780)

　　作者的主旨是肯定人類(lèi)影響滅絕的,有題是為什么亞非的mxx沒(méi)滅絕而澳洲的滅絕了,選因?yàn)閬喎堑膍xx有足夠時(shí)間適應(yīng)人類(lèi)的發(fā)展.有題作者提到打獵和采集的證據(jù)能說(shuō)明什么,選什么也說(shuō)明不了.還有說(shuō)作者如何反對(duì)文中一些科學(xué)家聲稱(chēng)原始人沒(méi)有足夠好武器去殺mxx的提法,選mxx比現(xiàn)在動(dòng)物防御力弱,所以不用好裝備就能殺

　　V5

　　有題是為什么亞非的mxx沒(méi)滅絕而澳洲的滅絕了,選因?yàn)閬喎堑膍xx有足夠時(shí)間適應(yīng)人類(lèi)的發(fā)展.有題作者提到打獵和采集的證據(jù)能說(shuō)明什么,選什么也說(shuō)明不了.還有說(shuō)作者如何反對(duì)文中一些科學(xué)家聲稱(chēng)原始人沒(méi)有足夠好武器去殺mxx的提法,選mxx比現(xiàn)在動(dòng)物防御力弱,所以不用好裝備就能殺

　　OLD JJ

　　V1 720 (M50 V37)

　　史前(P開(kāi)頭的那個(gè)單詞)大動(dòng)物(M開(kāi)頭單詞)滅絕理論 Quaternary extinction event

　　(1)P時(shí)期大動(dòng)物滅絕很快，最早在亞非，接著到澳洲和美洲(都有具體年份說(shuō)明的，比如15000年前)，好奇怪。為什么呢?學(xué)者A說(shuō)是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)活動(dòng)。因?yàn)檫@些時(shí)間都對(duì)應(yīng)著相應(yīng)地區(qū)的人類(lèi)頻繁活動(dòng)。為了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，A還說(shuō)一：滅絕的都是那種又大又笨的，容易被人抓到，二：亞非的大動(dòng)物滅絕的不如澳美的 drastically，是因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)是突然到澳美洲的，大動(dòng)物都來(lái)不及反應(yīng)。(有題問(wèn)道亞非動(dòng)物滅絕的為什么比澳美緩慢)

　　(2)順承上文，繼續(xù)支持A(沒(méi)有題目，沒(méi)記得很多)不過(guò)有說(shuō)道，歷史上如果由CLIMATE造成的物種滅絕都是更大范圍，而且大物種，小物種一起滅絕的，但這個(gè)P時(shí)段的滅絕只涉及大物種，所以還是認(rèn)為還是人類(lèi)干涉而不是氣候。

　　(3)但是這個(gè)解釋又兩個(gè)counterargument，(但最后還是被作者反對(duì)掉了，說(shuō)明作者是支持A的)counterargument一：根據(jù)fossil，P時(shí)代人類(lèi)主要靠collect植物什么的過(guò)活，化石沒(méi)有反映出人類(lèi)hunting，作者反對(duì)，提出一句話(huà)：if hunting evidences are "small", then the collecting evidence are nonexistent. (這句話(huà)有考題，但有點(diǎn)忘了);counterargument二：在那個(gè)時(shí)代人類(lèi)捕獵水平不夠，根本不可能造成那么多物種滅絕，說(shuō)道要用rifle之類(lèi)的才能造成，另外還說(shuō)到，大動(dòng)物如果被捕獵死的話(huà)，死相會(huì)有掙扎的痕跡，但是沒(méi)有。最后作者還是把這個(gè)反對(duì)了下(沒(méi)仔細(xì)看了)。

　　考題匯總:

　　1. 問(wèn)「 If hunting evidence are small, then the collecting evidence is nonexistent.」這句話(huà)被作者拿來(lái)做什么用?

　　我選「不能用來(lái)作為反駁「人類(lèi)活動(dòng)造成m動(dòng)物滅絕」這個(gè)理論的理由」

　　2. 問(wèn)作者對(duì)第二個(gè)counterargument(即人類(lèi)狩獵技術(shù)不夠好)的反駁暗指下列哪件事?

　　我選「更新世動(dòng)物的防御能力較現(xiàn)存動(dòng)物低」

　　3. 討論了為什么在亞洲和非洲減少的比較慢，早期時(shí)候/ 有題問(wèn)道亞非動(dòng)物滅絕的為什么比澳美緩慢

　　我答的是因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候人類(lèi)發(fā)展慢，動(dòng)物有時(shí)間適應(yīng)，美洲都是直接拿槍去殖民的。第一段有，可以確認(rèn)下。

　　4. 有一個(gè)題目說(shuō)解釋一個(gè)曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的“l(fā)ighter extinction”

　　文中說(shuō)的是當(dāng)時(shí)人們也處于捕獵技術(shù)成長(zhǎng)的階段，那些動(dòng)物就有時(shí)間去適應(yīng)，答案就是這個(gè)意思的一個(gè)改寫(xiě)

　　5. If hunting evidences are "small", then the collecting evidence are nonexistent. (這句話(huà)有考題，但有點(diǎn)忘了)

　　6. 第二段這里有考題，說(shuō)作者用什么論點(diǎn)推翻這個(gè)假設(shè)的。

　　文章定位: 但這個(gè)P時(shí)段的滅絕只涉及大物種，所以還是認(rèn)為還是人類(lèi)干涉而不是氣候。

　　相關(guān)文章， 背景知識(shí)

　　Pleistocene megafauna

　　In broad usage, the Holocene extinction event includes the notable disappearance of large mammals, known as megafauna, by the end of the last glacial period 9,000 to 13,000 years ago. Such disappearances have been considered as either a response to climate change, a result of the proliferation of modern humans, or both. These extinctions, occurring near the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, are sometimes rerred to as the Quaternary extinction event or Ice Age extinction event. However the Holocene extinction event continues through the events of the past several millennia and includes the present time.

　　These species appear to have died off as humans expanded out of Africa and Eurasia, the only continents that still retain a diversity of megafauna comparable to what was lost. Three theories have been given for these extinctions: hunting by the spreading humans, climatic change, and spreading disease. A combination of those explanations is also possible.

　　Human Hunting

　　This hypothesis was proposed 40 years ago by Paul S. Martin。This theory holds Pleistocene humans responsible for the megafaunal extinction. One variant, often rerred to as overkill, portrays humans as hunting the megafauna to extinction within a relatively short period of time. Some of the direct evidence for this includes: fossils of megafauna found in conjunction with human remains, embedded arrows and tool cut marks found in megafaunal bones, and cave paintings that depict such hunting. Biogeographical evidence is also suggestive; the areas of the world where humans evolved currently have more of their Pleistocene megafaunal diversity (the elephants and rhinos of Asia and Africa) compared to other areas such as Australia, the Americas, Madagascar and New Zealand, areas where early humans were non-existent. Based on this evidence, a picture arises of the megafauna of Asia and Africa evolving with humans, learning to be wary of them, and in other parts of the world the wildlife appearing ecologically naive and easier to hunt. This is particularly true of island fauna, which display a dangerous lack of fear of humans.

　　The most convincing evidence of his theory is that 80% of the North American large mammal species disappeared within 1000 years of the arrival of humans on the Western Hemisphere continents. World wide extinctions seem to follow the migration of humans and to be most severe where humans arrived most recently and least severe where humans were originally – Africa (see figure at right). This suggests that in Africa, where humans evolved, prey animals and human hunting ability evolved together, so the animals evolved avoidance techniques. As humans migrated throughout the world and became more and more proficient at hunting, they encountered animals that had evolved without the presence of humans. Lacking the fear of humans that African animals had developed, animals outside of Africa were easy prey for human hunting techniques. It also suggests that this is independent of climate change

　　Circumstantially, the close correlation in time between the appearance of humans in an area and extinction there provides weight to this theory. This is perhaps the strongest evidence, as it is almost impossible that it could be coincidental when science has so many data points. For example, the woolly mammoth survived on islands despite worsening climatic conditions for thousands of years after the end of the last glaciation, but they died out when humans arrived around 1700 BC. The megafaunal extinctions covered a vast period of time and highly variable climatic situations. The earliest extinctions in Australia were complete approximately 30,000 BP, well bore the last glacial maximum and bore rises in temperature. The most recent extinction in New Zealand was complete no earlier than 500 BP and during a period of cooling. In between these extremes megafaunal extinctions have occurred progressively in such places as North America, South America and Madagascar with no climatic commonality. The only common factor that can be ascertained is the arrival of humans.

　　Climate Change

　　The size of a short faced bear compared with a human.An alternative explanation offered by many scientists is that the extinctions were caused by climatic change following the last Ice Age. Critics object that since there were multiple Ice Ages in the evolutionary history of many of the megafauna, it is rather implausible that only after the last glacial would there be such extinctions.

　　Some evidence weighs against this theory as applied to Australia. It has been shown that the prevailing climate at the time of extinction (40,000–50,000 BP) was similar to that of today, and that the extinct animals were strongly adapted to an arid climate. The evidence indicates that all of the extinctions took place in the same short time period, which was the time when humans entered the landscape. The main mechanism for extinction was likely fire (started by humans) in a then much less fire-adapted landscape. Isotopic evidence shows sudden changes in the diet of surviving species, which could correspond to the stress they experienced bore extinction.

　　以上就是關(guān)于GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)的全部?jī)?nèi)容，考生朋友可以有選擇的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)雖然會(huì)對(duì)我們解題有所幫助，但是在考場(chǎng)中即使題目很像也要避免秒選，最后祝大家都能考出好成績(jī)。