12月GMAT閱讀機(jī)經(jīng):烏鴉是否有邏輯思維能力.

　　貪戀被子的你看著外面的呼嘯大風(fēng)是否不禁打了個(gè)寒顫呢?澳際小編就在這寒冬中為大家吹來一股GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)的暖風(fēng)，為大家分享關(guān)于烏鴉是否有邏輯思維能力的機(jī)經(jīng)，希望大家能感受到這股暖意，并把它化為能量，在GMAT考試的道路上勇往直前。

　　版本1

　　第一段：科學(xué)家做了一個(gè)試驗(yàn)(就類似大猩猩搬箱子摘香蕉)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些raven可以一次獲得食物，剩下的可以通過一次次的努力，而且每次努力去掉了前面的error. 而且野生的raven在平常是沒有類似的訓(xùn)練或者經(jīng)歷的。

　　第二段：而且raven的這類試驗(yàn)不像其他動(dòng)物行為實(shí)驗(yàn)室，每步成功給獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)——只有最后成功才有獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。但有人反駁，說每次成功可能raven更接近食物。但是作者不同意他們的觀點(diǎn)

　　第三段：第二個(gè)試驗(yàn)中，科學(xué)家把獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)用一種random的形式出現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)raven的行為less logical，還有一些解釋，所以駁斥了上面人的反駁。

　　版本2

　　raven(好像是這個(gè))試驗(yàn)

　　第一段說的是科學(xué)家做試驗(yàn)，為了驗(yàn)證一種假設(shè)，把食物吊在放在R動(dòng)物面前，它會嘗試很多次去吃到它，科學(xué)家覺得這是通過失敗分析得到的

　　第二段有科學(xué)家提出反論，說第一段分析不正確，不過作者馬上說這個(gè)反論不可靠，有問題

　　第三段說科學(xué)家又做了個(gè)試驗(yàn)，雖然比第一個(gè)試驗(yàn)難不了多少，不過R的表現(xiàn)差很多，說明原來的假設(shè)值得進(jìn)一步的研究

　　問題：

　　1) 如果猴子也被拿來在試驗(yàn)室里做同樣試驗(yàn)，它會怎么表現(xiàn)?

　　2) 說明第二段作用的，我選的是提供一個(gè)解釋，這個(gè)應(yīng)該是對的，文章主流方向還是肯定最開始結(jié)論的

　　版本3

　　verbal 閱讀有個(gè)關(guān)于raven behavior的好像在哪里見過

　　大概意思就是做了2個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)來說明raven behavior是否有邏輯什么的。

　　版本4 (JJ主人720)

　　第二篇說解釋一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果關(guān)于動(dòng)物是否logic thinking.有三個(gè)意見,一段一個(gè),可惜第二第三個(gè)意見我沒有看通了,明明在說相互矛盾,最后來了個(gè)預(yù)期相反(5題)

　　版本5

　　烏鴉的邏輯思維能力.文章長,一定要小心.

　　開始講科學(xué)家通過試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)烏鴉能夠通過一系列復(fù)雜的行為(這部分內(nèi)容很復(fù)雜,但是對于做題根本沒有用,總之知道烏鴉這個(gè)行為表明了它能夠邏輯思考就行)來獲取一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)放置的肉類.這個(gè)表明了他們用邏輯思維能力.

　　第二段就講很多動(dòng)物在試驗(yàn)中也可以一步一步的來獲取復(fù)雜放置的食物.但是他們都是通過不斷試錯(cuò)(這里有一道題)和研究人員在這個(gè)過程中每一步的食物鼓勵(lì)做到的,這個(gè)并不能說明這些小動(dòng)物有邏輯思維能力.當(dāng)然,有一種針對烏鴉試驗(yàn)的反駁觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為烏鴉是在那個(gè)復(fù)雜行為中每一步發(fā)現(xiàn)肉更近了來獲得精神激勵(lì),(這里有道細(xì)節(jié)題,為反駁的觀點(diǎn)是什么)不說明他們能邏輯思考.作者反駁了這種觀點(diǎn),提出一個(gè)有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜的理由.(總之知道作者不贊同就行了)

　　解釋:這里的意思是,因?yàn)闉貘f在那個(gè)復(fù)雜的行為中,每做一步就會發(fā)現(xiàn)肉離它更近了一點(diǎn),所以受到了精神上面的鼓勵(lì),所以才會這么一步一步做下去.如果這個(gè)解釋成立的話,那么烏鴉就和那些在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中被研究人員一步一步用食物鼓勵(lì)的小動(dòng)物的行為沒有差別了.那么這就說明了烏鴉沒有邏輯思維能力,只是一種覓食本能的反應(yīng). 這種解釋就被用來反駁文章第一段中研究人員認(rèn)為烏鴉有邏輯思維能力的推論.作者認(rèn)為這個(gè)解釋是不合理的,提出了一堆比較復(fù)雜的理由,認(rèn)為這個(gè)反駁是不成立的.

　　第三段,后來研究人員又做了一個(gè)類似第一段的試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)烏鴉并不具備邏輯思維能力.因此,文章的結(jié)論是烏鴉是否具備邏輯思維能力還不確定.

　　這篇閱讀在11月的JJ上面有一篇參考的英文報(bào)道,非常有用,介紹的就是這個(gè)復(fù)雜的試驗(yàn).看那篇報(bào)道對于理解這個(gè)試驗(yàn)很有幫助.但是一定要注意.JJ上面那篇參考文章的觀點(diǎn)是烏鴉有邏輯思維能力,這篇考試文章的觀點(diǎn)是烏鴉有沒有邏輯思維能力還不確定.

　　其他細(xì)節(jié)題都在上面我提示了,有一個(gè)推理題要注意:講猴子怎樣的行為才能說明它有邏輯思維能力.這個(gè)需要理解全文才能作.原來沒有見過這個(gè)題型,所以記憶深刻.我選的E.就是猴子通過一系列復(fù)雜的行為來獲取水果.比較確定.其他選項(xiàng)很迷惑,但是仔細(xì)分析都是文章中用來說明烏鴉沒有邏輯思維能力的理由,所以不能證明猴子有邏輯思維能力.

　　版本6

　　730 51 V37

　　閱讀一篇是烏鴉Logical thinking 問最后一段作用 我選排除第一段的巧合的可能

　　版本7

　　遇到了JJ里的raven題。

　　出了第一段的main idea 題。還有兩道關(guān)于第二段的implication題。

　　附文章：

　　Clever raven proves that it&aposs no birdbrain

　　Logic and puzzle-solving come naturally to highly intelligent scavenger, claim biologists

　　by Robin McKie, science editor

　　guardian.co.uk, Sunday April 29 2007 00.13 BST

　　The Observer, Sunday April 29 2007

　　Article history

　　Scientists have revealed an unexpected candidate for the title of the world&aposs second smartest creature - the raven. According to a pair of researchers, a bird brain is no longer a sign of stupidity; indeed, it could be a sign of surprising intelligence.

　　In the latest issue of Scientific American, Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar - scientists based at Vermont University in Canada and St Andrews University in Scotland, respectively - reveal a series of experiments that provides startling backing for the idea that ravens are the brainboxes of the natural world. &aposThese birds use logic to solve problems and some of their abilities even surpass those of the great apes,&apos they say.

　　One startling experiment they outline involved ravens who were allowed to sit on perches from which pieces of meat dangled from string. To get a treat, a raven had to perform a complex series of actions: pull up some of the string, place a loop on the perch and hold it with a claw, then pull up another section of string and hold that loop on the perch. By repeating this process half a dozen times, a raven could reach the end of the string and get the meat.

　　&aposSome animals can be taught how to get food this way,&apos Heinrich said. &aposHowever, I found ravens could perform this complex sequence of actions straight away. I was extremely surprised the first time I saw one of them do this. These birds have never seen string bore or encountered meat hanging this way, yet they worked out exactly what they needed to do to get a treat.&apos

　　Many animals, birds and insects are capable of carrying out complex actions: nest-building, for example. However, such creatures are programmed genetically to undertake the different steps involved in such behaviour. Little intelligence is involved. By contrast, ravens have demonstrated that they can work out complex sets of actions, involving no tests or trial and error. This implies that they use logic. &aposThe birds acted as if they knew what they were doing,&apos the two researchers say in Scientific American. &aposRavens have the ability to test actions in their minds. That capacity is probably lacking, or present only to a limited extent, in most animals.&apos

　　Other experiments by biologists have shown that ravens often let other animals do work for them. In the wild, they have been known to make calls that bring wolves and foxes to dead animals so that these large carnivores can break the carcass apart, making meat accessible to the birds. Birds related to the raven also show surprising intelligence. The New Caledonian crow has been shown to fashion tools of leaves and to use them to extract grubs from crevices in trees, for example.

　　Scientists such as Heinrich and Bugnyar believe that ravens evolved their surprisingly high intelligence because of their complex social lives and scavenging lifestyles.

　　The birds have to be able to assess very quickly how close to a wolf or fox they can get when one is eating a dead animal: they need to get close enough to get food, but not be attacked themselves.However, Heinrich cautioned against stating unequivocally that the raven is the cleverest animal on Earth after humans. &aposIt is up there with the great apes and dolphins,&apos he said, &aposbut I think it is very difficult to say which is cleverer. There are different types of intelligence. I am good at biology but hopeless using computers, for example. Nevertheless, it is now clear the raven is one of the very smartest creatures we know about.&apos

　　以上就是關(guān)于GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)的全部內(nèi)容，考生朋友可以有選擇的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT機(jī)經(jīng)雖然會對我們解題有所幫助，但是在考場中即使題目很像也要避免秒選，最后祝大家都能考出好成績。