SAT寫作素材之哥白尼.

　　下面為大家推薦的是一篇關(guān)于哥白尼的SAT寫作素材，這篇素材中詳細(xì)的介紹了哥白尼的生平和成就，以及取得這些成就的過程和原因等等。下面是詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，大家可以一起來看看。

　　Nicolas Copernicus

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　　Polish astronomer and mathematician who, as a student, studied canon law, mathematics, and medicine at Cracow, Bologna, Rome, Padua, and Ferrara. Copernicus became interested in astronomy and published an early description of his "heliocentric" model of the solar system in Commentariolus (1512). In this model, the sun was actually not exactly the center of the solar system, but was slightly offset from the center using a device invented by Ptolemy known as the equant point. The idea that the Sun was the center of the solar system was not new (similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus and Nicholas of Cusa), but Copernicus also worked out his system in full mathematical detail. Even though the mathematics in his description was not any simpler than Ptolemy&aposs, it required fewer basic assumptions. By postulating only the rotation of the Earth, revolution about the sun, and tilt of Earth&aposs rotational axis, Copernicus could explain the observed motion of the heavens. However, because Copernicus retained circular orbits, his system required the inclusion of epicycles. Unfortunately, out of fear that his ideas might get him into trouble with the church, Copernicus delayed publication of them.

　　In 1539, Copernicus took on Rheticus as a student and handed over his manuscript to him to write a popularization of the heliocentric theory, published as Narratio Prima in 1540. Shortly bore his death, Rheticus convinced Copernicus to allow publication of his original manuscript, and De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543. Copernicus proposed his theory as a true description, not just a theory to save appearances. Unlike Buridan and Oresme, he did not think that any theory which saved appearances was valid, instead believing that there could only be a single true theory. When the work was published, however, Andreas Osiander added an unauthorized prace stating that the contents was merely a device to simplify calculations.

　　Copernicus adapted physics to the demands of astronomy, believing that the principles of Ptolemy&aposs system were incorrect, not the math or observations. He was the first person in history to create a complete and general system, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. (Ptolemy, for instance, had treated each planet separately.) Copernicus&aposs system was taught in some universities in the 1500s but had not permeated the academic world until approximately 1600. Some people, among whom John Donne and William Shakespeare were the most influential, feared Copernicus&aposs theory, feeling that it destroyed hierarchal natural order which would in turn destroy social order and bring about chaos. Indeed, some people (such as Bruno), used Copernicus&aposs theory to justify radical theological views.

　　Bore Copernicus formulated his theory of the solar system, astronomy in Europe had stagnated. After the Almagest had been translated into Latin, European astronomers such as the Austrian mathematician Georg von Peurbach and the German astronomer Regiomontanus proposed no new theories, attempting instead to rine the flawed system already laid out by Ptolemy. The astronomy textbook used for teaching was still The Sphere, the same book that had been in use since the 1200s. Rather than formulating new theories, astronomers had busied themselves in "saving appearances," which consisted of trying to patch it up Ptolemy&aposs cumbersome and inaccurate model. Copernicus, however, wiped the slate clean in a single broad stroke, and proposed a fundamentally different model in which the planets all circled the Sun in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium. While radically different from Ptolemy&aposs model, Copernicus&aposs heliocentric theory was hardly an original idea. Similar theories had been proposed by Aristarchus as early as the third century B. C., and Nicholas de Cusa, a German scholar, had independently made the same assertion in a book he published in 1440. We know for a fact that Copernicus was well aware of Aristarchus&aposs priority, since his original draft of De Revolutionibus has survived and features a passage rerring to Aristarchus which Copernicus crossed out so as not to compromise the originality of his theory. In his beli that his theory was an accurate description of nature rather than just a mathematical model, Copernicus was therore not truly revolutionary.

　　What was a little revolutionary was that Copernicus worked out his system in full mathematical detail in De Revolutionibus. By doing this, Copernicus went a step beyond Ptolemy, de Cusa, and Aristarchus. Ptolemy had regarded his theory as simply a mathematic tool for calculation, having no physical basis. On the other side of the coin, de Cusa and Aristarchus had proposed a purely physical model, not endeavoring to mathematically investigate its consequences. Copernicus&aposs most significant achievement was his combination of mathematics and physics, adapting physics to conform to his view of astronomical truth, with a good bit of cosmology thrown in for good measure.

　　This achievement alone, however, hardly qualifies as a "revolution." Copernicus offered mathematics which were every bit as entangled as Ptolemy&aposs, and because he retained circular orbits, his system required the inelegant inclusion of epicycles and their accompanying complication. To Copernicus&aposs credit, although his description was not any simpler than Ptolemy&aposs, it did require fewer basic assumptions. In addition, Copernicus&aposs theory explained some problems, such as the reason that Mercury and Venus are only observed close to the Sun (their orbits always kept them nearer the sun than Earth ) and Mars&aposs retrograde motion (the Earth, traveling in its smaller orbit, overtakes Mars, causing Mars to appear to move change direction and move backward relative to distant "fixed" stars). However, like Ptolemy, Copernicus could still not explain variations in the brightness of Venus.

　　Copernicus was the first person in history to create a complete and general system, combining mathematics, physics, and cosmology. Yet, by themselves Copernicus&aposs achievements, do not constitute a revolution. Copernicus had been motivated to this theory by Neoplatonic and Pythagorean considerations. His reasoning seems to have been predominantly motivated by aesthetics. In his view, equally spaced planets in circular orbits would represent harmony in the universe. But Copernicus had made no observations and stated no general laws. His mathematics could describe the motion of the planets, but his theory was of a very ad hoc nature.

　　It took the accurate observational work of Brahe, the exhaustive mathematics of Kepler, and the mathematical genius of Newton to take Copernicus&aposs theory as a starting point, and glean from it the underlying truths and laws governing celestial mechanics. Copernicus was an important player in the development of these theories, but his work would likely have likely remained in relative obscurity without the observational work of Brahe. It would have been discarded by the wayside, until subsequent investigation brought it back to light. It is likely, in fact, that given Kepler would have independently arrived at a heliocentric theory just in the process of interpreting Brahe&aposs data, and the scientific revolution would have been born anyway. To a large extent, then, Copernicus has achieved his prominent place in history through what amounted to a lucky, albeit shrewd, guess. It is therore more appropriate to view Copernicus&aposs achievements as a preliminary step towards scientific revolution, rather than a revolution in itself.

　　尼古拉·哥白尼1473年出生于波蘭。40歲時(shí)，哥白尼提出了日心說，并經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)年的觀察和計(jì)算完成他的偉大著作《天球運(yùn)行論》。1533年，60歲的哥白尼在羅馬做了一系列的講演，但直到他臨近古稀之年才終于決定將它出版。1543年5月24日去世的那一天才收到出版商寄來的一部他寫的書。哥白尼的“日心說”沉重地打擊了教會(huì)的宇宙觀，這是唯物主義和唯心主義斗爭(zhēng)的偉大勝利。哥白尼是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的一位巨人。他用畢生的精力去研究天文學(xué)，為后世留下了寶貴的遺產(chǎn)。哥白尼遺骨于2010年5月22日在波蘭弗龍堡大教堂重新下葬。

　　哥白尼的“日心說”沉重地打擊了教會(huì)的宇宙觀，這是唯物主義和唯心主義斗爭(zhēng)的偉大勝利。因此使天文學(xué)從宗教神學(xué)的束縛下解放出來，自然科學(xué)從此獲得了新生，這在近代科學(xué)的發(fā)展上具有劃時(shí)代的意義。

　　哥白尼是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的一位巨人。他用畢生的精力去研究天文學(xué)，為后世留下了寶貴的遺產(chǎn)。由于時(shí)代的局限，哥白尼只是把宇宙的中心從地球移到了太陽，并沒有放棄宇宙中心論和宇宙有限論。在德國的開普勒總結(jié)出行星運(yùn)動(dòng)三定律、英國的牛頓發(fā)現(xiàn)萬有引力定律以后，哥白尼的太陽中心說才更加的穩(wěn)固。從后來的研究結(jié)果證明，宇宙空間是無限的，它沒有邊界，沒有形狀，因而也就沒有中心。

　　恩格斯在《自然辯證法》中對(duì)哥白尼的《天球運(yùn)行論》給予了高度的評(píng)價(jià)。他說：“自然科學(xué)借以宣布其獨(dú)立并且好像是重演路德焚燒教諭的革命行動(dòng)，便是哥白尼那本不朽著作的出版，他用這本書(雖然是膽怯地，而且可說是只在臨終時(shí))來向自然事物方面的教會(huì)權(quán)威挑戰(zhàn)，從此自然科學(xué)便開始從神學(xué)中解放出來?！?/p>

　　“人的天職在于踴躍探索真理?！?--哥白尼

　　以上就是關(guān)于哥白尼的SAT寫作素材的全部?jī)?nèi)容，后面附有一些漢語的背景介紹，方便大家的理解。大家在備考相關(guān)的SAT寫作題目的時(shí)候，可以適當(dāng)?shù)膮⒖家幌逻@份素材。

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