GMAT閱讀機經(jīng)整理：語言與佛教文獻.

　　1月4日GMAT機經(jīng)已換，現(xiàn)在為大家整理的最新的1月GMAT閱讀機經(jīng)，這一篇是語言與佛教文獻的文章，分享給大家，希望對大家有所幫助，文中觀點僅供參考。

　　文章思路：提出假說——假說在這幾年的研究——證據(jù)的情況——假說成立

　　P1. 開頭段：Through somestunning finds over the last decade, researchers studying early Buddhistmanuscripts here at the University of Washington and at the British Library areconfirming a longstanding hypothesis that anancient tradition of Buddhist literature existed in Gandhari, a dialect ofPrakrit, an early Indic language that developed from Sanskrit. They areconfident that that canon may soon take its place next to the four other greattraditions of Buddhist texts: the living traditions of Pali, Chinese, and Tibetan,and the ancient, fragmentary one of Sanskrit.

　　通過十幾年間令人震驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)，華盛頓大學(xué)和大英圖書館研究早期佛教書稿的研究人員證實了一個長期存在的假說，古代傳統(tǒng)佛教文獻使用梵文中的一種古代方言Gandhari。研究人員對于這種經(jīng)文會很快與其他四種其他佛教文獻齊名展現(xiàn)出了自信：這四種文獻包括傳統(tǒng)的Pali語，中文和藏文以及古老的殘存的一種梵文。

　　P2. Although no other substantial Gandhari manuscript had cometo light, Mr. Salomon was among a handful of researchers who studied thelanguage, from the Brough edition, from secular documents in a relatedlanguage, and from inscriptions on pots, coins, and archaeological ruins. Mr.Salomon specialized in those arcane inscriptions, which are in Kharosthi, ascript based on the Aramaic alphabet.

　　盡管沒有其他的實質(zhì)性的Gandhari書稿重見天日，Mr. Salomon 是屈指可數(shù)的幾位研究這種語言的學(xué)者，研究材料來源于Brough的版本、現(xiàn)世的一種相關(guān)語言的文件以及罐子錢幣和考古遺跡中的文字。Mr. Salomon 專攻這些難解的文字，這些叫做Kharosthi的文字是基于Aramaic 字母所創(chuàng)造的。

　　P3. In 1994,an anonymous donorhad given the library 29 fragile and fragments of manuscript on birch-barkrolls. “Paper and vellum are like cast iron by comparison,” says Mr. Shaw. “Thesheer fact that any kinds of manuscripts on this material have survived is amiracle.”

　　在1994年的時候，一個匿名捐贈者贈送給大英圖書館29個寫在樺樹皮上的書稿碎片。“相比而言，使用紙和牛皮紙的書稿更像是鐵，容易保存”Mr. Shaw說，“而這個在樺樹皮上的不容置疑的證據(jù)能夠保留到今天簡直是一個奇跡”

　　P4. Gandhara was the seat of a series of powerful dynasties from the third century BC to the fourth century AD. Well-known from abundant archaeological remains, it was a crossroads of cultural influences from India, the West, China, and East Asia, and a melting pot of Greeks, descendants of Scythian invaders from the North, and many others. Archaeological remains and other evidence show that it was also an important center of Buddhism.

　　Gandhara是處于公元前三世紀到公園四世紀時期的一個強大的王朝。以大量的考古學(xué)遺留出名，Gandhana是印度，西方，中國和東亞，以及來自北方的古希臘侵略者和其他文化的交匯點。考古學(xué)遺留和其他證據(jù)表明，這個地方也是一個重要的佛教文化中心

　　Interlinear notations such as “copied” indicate thatthe manuscripts were discarded ones that had been replaced by freshly madeones.Apparently, says Mr. Salomon, the monasteries hadwell-organized scriptoriums and large libraries even at that early stage.

　　寫在行間的符號，比如“copied”，表明這個書稿曾經(jīng)被丟棄并被一個新制作的文獻給代替了。顯然，Mr. Salomon說，這些修道院即使在那么早的年代也合理的建立了寫字間和大型圖書館

　　P5. 結(jié)尾段：That leads him and his colleagues to believe that the texts have enormoussignificance because they support the “Gandhari hypothesis” that Mr. Brough andsome other scholars long ago proposed: that some early Chinese translations ofBuddhist texts were prepared from Gandhari rather than Sanskrit originals.

　　這些讓Mr. Salomon和他的同事們相信這些文字有重要的作用因為他們支持了Mr. Brough和其他學(xué)者在多年以前提出來的”Gandhari 假說”：一些早期的中文佛教文獻翻譯相比于說是從Sanskrit翻譯過來的不如說是從Gandhari翻譯而來。

　　此G友留言：“文言文翻譯要信達雅，英文也是一樣……樓主水平只能做到信和達，雅說不上，有NN能夠翻譯出更好的段落麻煩發(fā)給我，我可以貼在整理里與大家共享”

　　Question

　　Q1. 那個crossroads那句好像是infer了?

　　Q2. 為什么提到G這個地方是當時的交通文化樞紐?

　　【備選答案】說明佛教受到了中國和西方的影響

　　Q3. 針對匿名人士的捐贈考了一道題

　　Q4. highlight copied，問為什么要打引號的作用?

　　【備選答案】the manuscripts were discarded ones that had been replaced byfreshly made ones

　　【備選答案】Gandhari的佛經(jīng)是中國古代的佛經(jīng)翻譯過去的(其實是中文的是從G語言翻譯過來的，反了)

　　【備選答案】G語言的佛經(jīng)是已經(jīng)作廢的佛經(jīng)的替代品新版本(其實是G語言的已作廢了，也反了)

　　Q5. The way that Buddhist tradition was transmitted. "Oral transmission had been the prerred or normal way -- memorization, recitation, and so forth,"這句話有考題

　　Q6. What can be inferred from interliner notations

　　【備選答案】這個地方當時應(yīng)該有大量的手稿復(fù)制品之類

　　在這篇關(guān)于語言與佛教文獻的GMAT閱讀機經(jīng)，給出了文章的主旨，篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，段落大意以及相關(guān)題目，考生可以有選擇的看看，最后祝大家都能考出好成績。