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下面是一位考生參加的9月3日新gre考試寫作的題目,該考生覺(jué)得自己考砸了,尤其是作文沒(méi)有寫好。那么,是什么題目讓考生如此頭疼呢?下面看專家給大家分析。該考生抽到的題目是:
Issue:In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. ”
Argument:The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the fects of birth order on an individual&aposs levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
專家表示,一聽(tīng)到是這兩道題目,馬上明白了,肯定是那道Argument(也就是傳說(shuō)中的“恒河猴命題”)讓考生遇到了麻煩。
坦率地說(shuō),這位考生的運(yùn)氣還算不錯(cuò)。至少他抽到的這道Issue題是很容易對(duì)付的。這道Issue是gre寫作新題庫(kù)的第55題。它基本不算是新題,因?yàn)槔习鎔re寫作題庫(kù)中有這么一道Issue題:"In order for any work of art—whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people."
顯然,這兩道Issue題除了個(gè)別單詞外基本是完全一樣的。作為已經(jīng)考過(guò)一次gre的考生,以他的實(shí)力,駕馭這道Issue應(yīng)能得心應(yīng)手。
但那道Argument題目就完全不同了。
首先,在新gre考試寫作Argument八大指引中,其它七個(gè)寫作指引都是要求考生從不同角度對(duì)題目中的論證和邏輯推理過(guò)程展開(kāi)評(píng)估和分析的,唯有這道題所附的寫作指引要求考生提供“one or more alternative explanations”,來(lái)對(duì)題目中的邏輯和現(xiàn)象做出自己的替代性解釋。所以,這是一個(gè)迥異于舊版gre寫作、也完全不同于其它新Argu寫作要求的、全新的寫作指引。并且,這位考生挑上的這一道Argu是所有新G寫作題庫(kù)有此項(xiàng)寫作指引的Argument題目中最令考生感到棘手的。許多考生面對(duì)這道題目覺(jué)得簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)從下手。
這一道Argument題目的出現(xiàn)充分說(shuō)明了,新gre考試寫作和舊版比,在寫作要求、題目范式、分析方法和備考策略上其實(shí)已經(jīng)有了很大的變化。廣大考生萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可掉以輕心,聽(tīng)信所謂“新G寫作和老G差別不大”的信口之辭,踏入本可以繞開(kāi)的雷區(qū),付出不必要的代價(jià)。
此次新gre考試寫作雖然Issue部分變化也比較多,但變化最大的恰恰在Argument。這位考生所挑中的這道Argu題目,如果按照舊G的解題思路,也就是從尋找題目中的邏輯漏洞入手,其實(shí)是無(wú)解的。
沒(méi)錯(cuò),就是簡(jiǎn)單的無(wú)解。這是因?yàn)椋倪@道Argu題目本來(lái)就沒(méi)有任何邏輯漏洞!
新版gre考試寫作實(shí)際逼迫我們必須要放棄通過(guò)找尋邏輯漏洞來(lái)求解Argument的思路,轉(zhuǎn)而從每個(gè)Argument中所運(yùn)用的論證方法入手;否則,部分Argu題目的分析必然陷入死胡同。
讓我們來(lái)對(duì)這道Argument做個(gè)較為詳細(xì)的解讀。
這道題目的論點(diǎn)是:
The birth order can affect an individual&aposs levels of stimulation.
論者采用了三個(gè)論據(jù):
(1) In stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings;
(2) Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).
(3) The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
大家仔細(xì)看,題目中由論據(jù)到論點(diǎn)的推論到底有什么邏輯漏洞呢?我恐怕你就是看一天,也找不到一條有說(shuō)服力的所謂“邏輯漏洞”。但是,如果我提醒大家,看一看題目中運(yùn)用的是什么樣的論證方法呢?
沒(méi)錯(cuò),就是一個(gè)歸納論證!
題目中的論者分別列舉了first born infant monkeys、firstborn humans和first-time mother monkeys三種情形,來(lái)論證每一組研究對(duì)象其出生順序同荷爾蒙cortisol的分泌似乎都有某種正相關(guān)關(guān)系,并據(jù)以得出“出生順序影響了個(gè)體應(yīng)激水平”的結(jié)論。對(duì),論者的推論就這么簡(jiǎn)單。
在明晰了論者所采用的論證方法后,我們的解題辦法自然而然就非常清楚了。題目中的寫作指引不是要我們“discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation”,也就是提供不同于論者、但同樣有說(shuō)服力的若干個(gè)解釋嗎?那么,我們只要同樣按照歸納推理的思路,給出幾個(gè)不同于題目中論者的歸納結(jié)論不就行了嗎?
也就是說(shuō),大家都是在作歸納推理,只不過(guò)所抓住的三組研究對(duì)象(first born infant monkeys、firstborn humans和first-time mother monkeys)的共同點(diǎn)不同而已。是的,就這么簡(jiǎn)單。
如此一來(lái),我們就可以給出至少下列三個(gè)替代性解釋(alternative explanations):
首先,很可能不是所謂的birth order,而是這三個(gè)生命形態(tài)的共同特點(diǎn)影響了hormone cortisol的分泌水平。因?yàn)闊o(wú)論是first? born infant monkeys還是first-time mother monkeys,或者是firstborn humans,它們都屬于靈長(zhǎng)類(primates)。作為一種較為高級(jí)的生命形態(tài),受到一定程度的刺激后,它們?yōu)榱搜附莸刈龀龇磻?yīng)而分泌較高的hormone cortisol這是很正常的現(xiàn)象;并且,越是這種刺激意味著對(duì)生命安全的更大威脅(比如to encounter with unfamiliar circumstances, strangers or preyers),hormone cortisol的分泌水平越高;反之,就較低。如果是這樣的話,題目中論者的推論說(shuō)法也就未必成立了。
第二,是否hormone? cortisol的分泌水平與特定的年齡階段有關(guān)的呢?因?yàn)槲覀兛吹?,first born infant monkeys、firstborn humans和first-time mother monkeys都是在同較年幼的siblings或者生育過(guò)多仔的mother monkeys來(lái)比較,并且在相同或相似的刺激環(huán)境下才分泌出較多的cortisol的。如果較幼小的rhesus monkeys和人類,以及生過(guò)多胎的mother monkeys總體上都不分泌或者分泌較少的hormone cortisol的話,那么題目中論者的推論也不成立。即是說(shuō),first born infant monkeys、firstborn humans和first-time mother monkeys三者的特定年齡導(dǎo)致了差別,而不是所謂的birth order。
第三,是否是某種情緒或者情感影響了hormone cortisol的分泌水平呢?因?yàn)閒irst born infant? monkeys、firstborn humans和first-time mother monkeys都是在強(qiáng)烈情緒和情感的刺激下(比如meeting with an unfamiliar monkey, reunion with a parent after an absence, and first-time birth of baby monkeys這些恐懼、愉悅和焦慮等)才表現(xiàn)出較高的hormone cortisol的。如此的話,hormone cortisol的分泌水平也同birth order無(wú)關(guān)了。
怎么樣,是不是很簡(jiǎn)單呢?實(shí)際上,新gre考試寫作如果能巧妙地運(yùn)用一些技巧,還是很好解決的。
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