名師解析GRE寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2）.

　　新GRE寫作更注重考察學(xué)生的分析能力，但是國內(nèi)考生最為頭疼的一門考試。自新GRE改革，很多考生感到迷茫，那么新GRE寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)又是怎樣的，請(qǐng)接著看下面名師給考生分析的GRE寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　另外，段落之間也有可能出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系，相應(yīng)的連接語也會(huì)發(fā)生變化，比如：

　　One reason for my fundamental agreement with the speaker is that withholding some personal information is necessary to gain and maintain political leadership.

　　Another reason why I essentially agree with the speaker is that fully disclosing to the public certain types of information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security.

　　Having recognized that withholding information from the public is often necessary to serve the interests of that public, legitimate political leadership nevertheless requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader&aposs motives and agenda.

　　上面是一篇GRE北美范文的三個(gè)中間段的topic sentences，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，前兩段之間是并列關(guān)系(one reason/another reason),而第三段和前兩段之間就是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(nevertheless)

　　*Among sentences:

　　Office workers&apos time is hardly enough for their own work. As a result, big companies lack necessary team spirit, rendering employees&apos emotional distance from each other.

　　這兩句話論證了為什么大公司缺乏必要的團(tuán)隊(duì)精神，員工之間感情淡漠，各自忙于工作是原因，缺乏team spirit是結(jié)果，所以前后兩句話之間通過連接語As a result表明了因果邏輯關(guān)系。同樣的，句子之間也有并列與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：

　　For example, foods in western world, such as cheese, jam and butter, are now becoming familiar and popular in China. By the same token, more and more products with Chinese style can be found in American markets.(并列)

　　In the past, people may only obtain information from some traditional media, such as televisions, books, or newspapers. However, today people are able to receive the same material through computers.(轉(zhuǎn)折)

　　*Among words:

　　Instead ofobtaining splendid grade in exams, students&apos main assignment is to perceive the way to search knowledge they want.

　　這句話中的instead of 前后實(shí)際上是兩個(gè)具有名詞特性的短語，分詞短語obtaining splendid grade in exams, 和介詞短語to perceive the way to search knowledge they want.這兩部分之間具有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，用Instead of來體現(xiàn). 而用來表達(dá)單詞中的并列和因果關(guān)系的連接語就是我們很常見的and還有because of,這個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單就不舉例子。

　　在寫作文章中充分合理地加入這種Transitional devices,就可以在很大程度上增加文章的連貫性，比如還是本文開頭的那段話，稍加修改之后變成了：

　　Panda bear is a kind of docile lovely animal in the southwest of China. Because of its cherubic appearance and awkward movement, it also symbolizes the spirit of peace and harmony, which is cherished by Chinese people. However, expansion of human activities to wild areas has caused a sharp decrease in the number of panda bears.

　　通過判斷，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)修改前的一二兩句之間存在因果關(guān)系，因此加入because of 將它們連在了一起;而修改前的第三句和前兩句之間是一個(gè)并列關(guān)系，因此加入了also;最后一句話的意思和前面明顯出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，通過however來體現(xiàn)這種轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。經(jīng)過修改之后，幾句話被有機(jī)地結(jié)合在了一起，形成了一段篇章而非四個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。

　　不過，在充分使用各種連接語的同時(shí)，也應(yīng)該注意不同詞性連接語的用法，比如連詞很自由，and,but,so這些連詞的后面可以跟名詞或者句子。但是介詞(介詞短語)后面只能跟名詞，比如because of, instead of,in addition to等等;而副詞(副詞性短語)的后面只能加句子，比如however, in addition, as a result等等。

　　剛才看到的是一些詞或短語充當(dāng)transitions的情況，其實(shí)transitions還有另外一種體現(xiàn)方式就是transitional sentences，比如很常見的讓步狀語從句：

　　Even if traveling with a companion could bring us financial and some other benits, this type conducts our traveling experience to a mechanical boring event.

　　從這個(gè)句子中可以看出由even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，說明了這句話之前的內(nèi)容論證的是traveling with a companion的好處，而主句則是講這種方式讓我們的旅行成為意見機(jī)械無聊的行為，也是后面要論證的一個(gè)主題，前后兩部分之間顯然是轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系。出現(xiàn)在文章之中可以有效地連接上下文，使之變得連貫：

　　I concede that traveling with a companion may have one or more benits. One ofthe most obvious advantages is saving money. In other words, Traveling in a group would be much cheaper than traveling alone. In my observation, travel agency, the most common group-travel organization in China, reserves a prerogative of paying considerably less on tickets fees, traffic costs, and so forth than individuals. Moreover, individuals have to purchase some necessaries, like tent, when traveling by themselves, but if we go hiking with one or two friends, we could pay for these shared outfits together. Another advantage of traveling in a group is that we have accompaniers to communicate with. But I believe that this advantage is only desirable for those who often feel lonely and like clatter.

　　Even if traveling with a companion could bring us financial and some other benits, this type conducts our traveling experience to a mechanical boring event.People might not arrange his or her own plan if he or she is traveling in a group, because all group members should be restricted by lots of rules, such as the place where we have to reside, the time when we can play or must gather, etc. For instance, when I followed a travel agency to Hangzhou which is one of the most beautiful cities of China last year, hardly did I finish my visit because of the time restriction ordered by the cicerone. In contrast, if I would have traveled alone, I could manage my journey flexibly. To some extent, losing freedom means losing interest in a team traveling.

　　另外一些其他的句子也有這種作用，例如：After recognizing the advantages of using land for farming, housing and so forth, however, we should also save some land inhabited by endangered species.中文寫作中的承上啟下的句子就是這個(gè)意思，而承上啟下這個(gè)成語非常精確地表明了transitional sentences的作用。

　　總之，一篇文章是一個(gè)完整的有機(jī)體，好像一部機(jī)器，每個(gè)段落，每個(gè)句子，每個(gè)單詞都是機(jī)器的一個(gè)部件，而Transitions就像是連接這些部件的螺絲，如果缺乏，這個(gè)機(jī)器就會(huì)散落，文章也不能構(gòu)成篇章，頂多就是一堆句子群而已。連接語雖然不難，但是要將它們合理充分多樣地加入文章之中，仍然需要大量練習(xí)。

　　以上內(nèi)容是名師分析的GRE寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，希望考生能認(rèn)真閱讀新GRE考試寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從而為自己的寫作提供評(píng)分參考依據(jù)。

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