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SAT語法要點之比較結(jié)構(gòu).

2017/08/05 21:42:35 編輯: 瀏覽次數(shù):439 移動端

  在SAT語法中,英語中大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞都是“可等級的”(Gradable),因而可以用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)形容詞和副詞用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)時,它們采取特殊的句法形式,這就是比較結(jié)構(gòu)。比較結(jié)構(gòu)具體是指一個人、事、物與另一個人、事、物之間就行為、性質(zhì)、特征、外形、數(shù)量等之間有相互對比。在SAT語法中,比較結(jié)構(gòu)要求的比較對象概念要對等,比較的性質(zhì)要一致,比較的結(jié)構(gòu)要平衡。

  比較結(jié)構(gòu)考點小結(jié)

  →比較對象對等(包括概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、結(jié)構(gòu)以及在句子里成分)

  →比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身

  →比較結(jié)構(gòu)中代詞的使用

  一、考點詳解

  在掌握比較結(jié)構(gòu)的考點前,首先要掌握一些常見的比較結(jié)構(gòu)以及它們所使用的搭配:

  1. as+形容詞或副詞原級+as-分句:平級

  如:This parcel is as heavy as that one (is).

  This car runs as fast as that one (does)

  Jack behaves as politely as Jones (does).

  由以上例句可以看出,在帶有as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,通常是主句主語和as從句的主語不同,而比較項目相同,比如是Jack 和Jones就兩人的舉止是否有禮貌進(jìn)行比較。這是as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)最基本的用法。此外,帶有as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)的句子也可能主語相同,而比較項目不同。

  如:The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.

  This swimming pool is as wide as it is long.

  He is not wise as he is witty.

  也可能兩個主語和兩個比較項目都不同,即兩個不同的人或物就不同的方面進(jìn)行比較。

  如:This swimming pool is not twice as wide as that one is long.

  His uncle was as base and unworthy as his father had been upright and honorable.

  由上述諸例可以看出,當(dāng)主句主語和as-分句主語不同而比較項目相同時,as-分句總是有所省略,即通常用不完全句。但若兩個主語相同而比較項目不同或者兩個主語和兩個比較項目都不相同,(除個別外)as-分句便不能用省略句,而必須用完全句。

  2. more...than…(形容詞或副詞比較級+than-分句):比較級

  如:Jack is brighter than Jones.

  Jack behaves more politely than Jones.

  上述兩句是more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)的一般用法,即在兩個不同事物之間就某一方面作比較more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)除在兩個人或物之間作同一方面的比較而外,還可在同一個人或物的本身作不同方面的比較。

  如:Jack is more daring than quick-witted.

  Jones is more intelligent than aggressive.

  需要注意的是,more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)在前兩句中其比較級既可用more形式,也可以用-er形式;more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)用于后兩句的意義時(與其說……不如說……),比較級只能用more形式,不能用-er形式。more```than結(jié)構(gòu)用于上述意義時,還可以連接兩個名詞詞組。

  如:The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis.

  此外,More…than…結(jié)構(gòu)的一種變體形式是“定冠詞+形容詞或副詞比較級+of-詞組”。

  如:Jack is the brighter of the two boys.

  Of the two boys Jack behaves (the) more politely.

  由上述兩例可以看出,這種變體形式進(jìn)行比較都只用于兩者之間的比較;在第一例中比較級前的定冠詞不可省,而在第二例中比較級前的定冠詞可省(因為是副詞的比較級)。

  3.(the)+形容詞副詞最高級+in/of+比較范圍:最高級

  如果是三個或三個以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較,就要使用形容詞和副詞的最高級。

  如:Of the three boys John behaves (the) most politely.

  Shakespeare was the greatest English dramatist ever known.

  由上述諸例可以看出,表示“最高級”的意義,通常都要有一個“比較范圍”,表示比較范圍可以用介詞詞組,如in the world, of the three boys,也可以用關(guān)系分句或非限定分句,如I have ever read, ever known。比較范圍在一定上下文中可以不表示出來。

  4. like/unlike +名詞短語.與as +句子

  Like/as 的差別在 like是一個介詞,因此它后面只能跟名詞,代詞或者名詞短語,而as后面的必須是完整的句子或者不引起歧義下的省略成分,但是不能是簡單的名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)like和as 修飾的比較對象是名詞,且沒有歧義的情況下;like + n.是更加簡潔的結(jié)構(gòu)。

 ?、貺ike + n. 比較結(jié)構(gòu)

  Like + n.的比較通常放在句首,其比較對象是句子的主語。因此看到這類型的題目首先判斷的就是對應(yīng)的主語是否和like后面接的名詞是對等的對象。

  如:Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.

 ?、贏s+ 句子比較結(jié)構(gòu)

  As+句子的比較通常比較的兩個不同主語,和as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)相似,其后補(bǔ)出助動詞,補(bǔ)出助動詞的原則是必須和主語的類型一致,而且要時態(tài)一致。

  如:Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society, as Rousseau once did.

  As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports were, New York’s were built for an age of propellers, bore jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.

  但是如果as結(jié)構(gòu)自己就帶了時間狀語,那么該as結(jié)構(gòu)的時態(tài)和自己帶的狀語保持一致,而類型和主句保持一致。

  如:According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.

  5. 其他比較短語

  其他標(biāo)志比較結(jié)構(gòu)的短語包括:compare…to/with…, contrast…to…, liken…to…, different from…, differ from…, the same as…, be similar to…等等

  如:Contrasted to other medieval kings in the long history of feudal China, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty might be the most versatile.

  6. 倍數(shù)表達(dá)

  倍數(shù)是SAT語法中不常見比較結(jié)構(gòu),但也需要簡單了解,以下是五種倍數(shù)表達(dá)形式:

 ?、?… times +形容詞 / 副詞的比較級+ than …

  如:This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.

  ② … times +as + 形容詞 / 副詞的原級+ as …

  如:This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library.

 ?、?… times + the + 名詞(如: size, height, weight, length, width 等)+ of …

  如:The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

  ④ … times + what 從句

  如:The length of the road is four times what it was three years ago.

 ?、?… times + that of + 被比較對象

  如:In this workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that of January.

  比較結(jié)構(gòu)是SAT中的顯性語法:當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)以上的比較結(jié)構(gòu)時,其考點基本就確定在以下幾個方面:

  1. 比較對象對等(包括概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、結(jié)構(gòu)以及在句子里成分)

  當(dāng)比較兩個事物時,必須保證二者的概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、結(jié)構(gòu)以及在句子里成分的對等。

  閱讀以下例句,找出其中錯誤。

  例句1:Some historians liken the reign of Russian’s Tsar Ivan the Terrible, a contemporary of England’s Queen Elizabeth I famous for his brutal repression, to Joseph Stalin.

  例句1中比較結(jié)構(gòu)為liken…to…,按照該結(jié)構(gòu),比較對象應(yīng)該為the reign of Russian’s Tsar Ivan the Terrible與Joseph Stalin,但前者是物,后者是人,二者的性質(zhì)和概念并不相同,所以應(yīng)該把Joseph Stalin改為that of Joseph Stalin,這類問題是SAT中比較對象的典型錯誤。

  閱讀以下例句,找出其中錯誤。

  例句2:It is far easier to ride a bicycle than explaining in words exactly how a bicycle is ridden.

  例句2中比較結(jié)構(gòu)為easier…than…,根據(jù)比較結(jié)構(gòu)要求,比較對象應(yīng)該為to ride a bicycle和explaining in words exactly how a bicycle is ridden,前者為不定式短語,后者為動名詞短語,二者的結(jié)構(gòu)不能達(dá)到一致,所以后者應(yīng)該改為to explain in words exactly how a bicycle is ridden。

  2. 比較結(jié)構(gòu)中代詞的使用

  在英語的比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,為了避免重復(fù)使用上文中出現(xiàn)的詞匯,經(jīng)常會用代詞來替代名詞詞組或它的中心詞。可以這樣用的代詞有that/those/it/they。that和those總是伴隨著限定性的后置修飾語,分別等于the one和 the ones。that可替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞以及不可數(shù)名詞,而those一般指代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),它們表示的是同類異物。

  如:The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.

  此外,比較結(jié)構(gòu)中還可以使用it/they來指代上文出現(xiàn)動名詞與不定式短語。

  it/they在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中也常出現(xiàn),它們表示的是同類同物。

  如:Finding a McDonald’s in Beijing is easier than it is in my small hometown.

  此例句中比較對象為Finding a McDonald’s,前后比較的事件相同,所以使用代詞it, 而不用that。

  二、最新真題

  1. In some species of birds, such as the peafowl, the plumage of the male is more colorful and more variegated than the female.

  (A) than the female

  (B) than are the females

  (C) than that of the female

  (D) compared to the female

  (E) compared with females

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,注意一下比較對象概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、在句子里成分上的對等是否相同。

  2. The introduction of (A) paraffin wax in 1830 enabled (B) candle makers to produce candles that burned more clean (C) than those made with (D) tallow or beeswax. No error (E)

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,有時sat考題考的是最簡單,卻最容易忽略的,形容詞單音節(jié)的比較級是不用加more的。

  3. Unlike other predators, which are being studies because their populations are declining, ecologists are studying coyotes because the coyote population is growing in suburban areas.

  (A) ecologists are studying coyotes

  (B) ecologists have been studying coyotes

  (C) ecologists, who are studying coyotes

  (D) coyotes are being studied by ecologists

  (E) coyotes, being studied by ecologists

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)unlike…放在句首,一般情況是與主語相比較, 保證比較對象概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、在句子里成分上的對等。

  4. A mixture of jazz and classical idioms, the music of Gershwin was more innovative than most of his contemporaries.

  (A) than most of his contemporaries

  (B) than most of his contemporaries were

  (C) than were most of his contemporaries

  (D) than that of most of his contemporaries

  (E) than most of his contemporaries, as far as music concerned

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,保證比較對象概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、在句子里成分上的對等;比較對象應(yīng)該為the music of Gershwin和most of his contemporaries,前者是物,后者是人,比較對象性質(zhì)不同。

  5. Chinese watercolors have become more popular than American and European artists who are their contemporaries.

  (A) American and European artists who are their contemporaries

  (B) contemporary American and European artists

  (C) those by contemporary American and European artists of the period

  (D) those of American and European pictures of the same period

  (E) those by contemporary American and European artists

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,保證比較對象概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、在句子里成分上的對等;比較對象應(yīng)該為Chinese watercolors和American and European artists,前者是物,后者是人,比較對象性質(zhì)不同。

  6. Eating food that has a high concentration of fat causes essentially the same reaction in the stomach than if you eat too fast.

  (A) than if you eat

  (B) than to eat

  (C) as if one eats

  (D) as eating

  (E) as it does when eating

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,保證比較對象結(jié)構(gòu)一致;比較對象應(yīng)該為Eating food that has a high concentration of fat和if you eat too fast,前者是動名詞短語,后者是從句,比較對象結(jié)構(gòu)不一致。

  7. Because of its innovativeness and its (A) fective presentation, Mary’s science project received (B) more judges’ votes at the exhibit (C) than did Jim (D). No error (E)

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,保證比較對象概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、在句子里成分上的對等;比較對象應(yīng)該為Mary’s science project和Jim,前者是物,后者是人,比較對象性質(zhì)不同。

  注意:當(dāng)比較主語時,為了避免歧義,助動詞習(xí)慣性補(bǔ)出,而且多用倒裝

  8. Experts who decipher (A) ancient written languages report (B) that the Indus civilization’s script is more difficult (C) to decode than other civilizations (D). No error (E

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)more…than…,保證比較對象概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、在句子里成分上的對等;比較對象應(yīng)該為the Indus civilization’s script和other civilizations,前者是script,后者是civilization,比較對象概念不同。

  9. Because (A) sound waves travel faster (B) in liquids than they do (C) in gases, the speed of sound in water is greater than that of sound (D) in the air. No error (E)

  解析:該題中出現(xiàn)了兩個比較結(jié)構(gòu)faster…than…與greater…than…;前者使用代詞they,因為這里要求特指,即前后同物;后者用的是代詞that,是泛指,即前后同類不同物。

  10. Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

  A. like adults

  B. like adults do

  C. as adults

  D. as adults do

  E. as an adult

  解析: A選項和D選項都符合語法規(guī)則,也都和前面的children保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致性,從語法規(guī)則上講是都正確的。但是A存在歧義,因為like adults可以與前一個分句構(gòu)成整體也可以與后一個分句構(gòu)成整體。這里可以使用as結(jié)構(gòu),因為前后兩個分句的助動詞不一樣,as結(jié)構(gòu)的助動詞和前一個分句一致的話,就應(yīng)該和前一個分句構(gòu)成整體;同樣,和后一個分句的助動詞一致的話,就應(yīng)該和后一個分句構(gòu)成整體。

  三、難點聚焦

  以上都是在描述比較對象的錯誤,但比較結(jié)構(gòu)真正容易忽略的考點是比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身所出現(xiàn)的一系列低級錯誤:

  1. 平級比較、比較級、最高級的混用

  在英語中,平級比較(as adj./adv. as)、比較級(more/adj.+er than)、最高級(the most adj./adv. of/in)都有自己的固定表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu),在SAT考題中會出現(xiàn)混用的情況。

  閱讀以下例句,找出其中錯誤。

  例句3:Of the five films that Phuong saw during the film festival, the last was unquestionably the more enjoyable.

  例句3中用的是比較級形式the more enjoyable,但在句子的開頭為Of the five films,表示的是最高級的一個范圍,所以二者沖突,應(yīng)該把more改為most。

  2. 形容詞比較級的修飾及拼寫

  在英語中,形容詞比較級只可用以下詞或短語修飾:a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even,在SAT中常出現(xiàn)錯誤的是用比較級修飾比較級。

  閱讀以下例句,找出其中錯誤。

  例句4:The crowd of onlookers grew more larger as the veterans who were picketing the White House began shouting.

  例句4中在比較級形容詞larger前使用more來修飾,不符合規(guī)范。

  形容詞比較級變化規(guī)則在考試中會涉及到:

  1) 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加er或est:如bright brighter brightest; 以不發(fā)音的e字母結(jié)尾的加r,或st:如:large larger largest; 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為I加er或est:如:easy easier easiest; 以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加er或est:如big bigger biggest;以-er/-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞加-er 或est:clever cleverer cleverest; slow slower slowest.

  2) 多音節(jié)詞前加more或most, 副詞最高級前省略the

  3) 有些形容詞比較級是不規(guī)則變化:good, well; bad, badly, ill; much, many; little; far; old;

  注:只有少數(shù)形容詞和副詞有兩種比較級和最高級形式:如clever, old, far

  四、難題透析

  1. Some experts say that of all (A) the musical forms that constituted African music in the second half of the (B) twentieth century, Congolese rumba and its rambunctious offspring, soukous, were (C) the more (D) influential. No error (E)

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身出現(xiàn)問題,比較級、最高級的混用。

  2. Whiptails, the more speedier (A) of lizards, are remarkable creatures because (B) in thirteen of the known (C) species the females reproduce without (D) mating with males. No error (E)

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身出現(xiàn)問題,比較級不可以修飾比較級。

  3. Twice as many bird species inhabit Ecuador as in North America.

  (A) as in

  (B) as inhabit

  (C) instead of in

  (D) when compared to

  (E) than

  解析:twice as many …as 倍數(shù)表達(dá)。

  4. Many environmentalists think that it is (A) just as important to use (B) existing energy sources ficiently than (C) it is to develop pollution-free means of generating (D) energy. No error (E)

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身出現(xiàn)問題,平級比較、比較級混用。

  5. Though originally unpopular among (A) taxpayers, the housing fee increase was implemented in order to build (B) more safer playground (C) for (D) the community. No error (E)

  解析:比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身出現(xiàn)問題,比較級的修飾。

SAT語法要點之比較結(jié)構(gòu)其他比較短語最新真題難點聚焦難題透析

  在SAT語法中,英語中大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞都是“可等級的”(Gradable),因而可以用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)形容詞和副詞用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)時,它們采取特殊的句法形式,這就是比較結(jié)構(gòu)。比較結(jié)構(gòu)具體是指一個人、事、物與另一個人、事、物之間就行為、性質(zhì)、特征、外形、數(shù)量等之間有相互對比。在SAT語法中,比較結(jié)構(gòu)要求的比較對象概念要對等,比較的性質(zhì)要一致,比較的結(jié)構(gòu)要平衡。

  比較結(jié)構(gòu)考點小結(jié)

  →比較對象對等(包括概念、性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、結(jié)構(gòu)以及在句子里成分)

  →比較結(jié)構(gòu)自身

  →比較結(jié)構(gòu)中代詞的使用

  一、考點詳解

  在掌握比較結(jié)構(gòu)的考點前,首先要掌握一些常見的比較結(jié)構(gòu)以及它們所使用的搭配:

  1. as+形容詞或副詞原級+as-分句:平級

  如:This parcel is as heavy as that one (is).

  This car runs as fast as that one (does)

  Jack behaves as politely as Jones (does).

  由以上例句可以看出,在帶有as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,通常是主句主語和as從句的主語不同,而比較項目相同,比如是Jack 和Jones就兩人的舉止是否有禮貌進(jìn)行比較。這是as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)最基本的用法。此外,帶有as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)的句子也可能主語相同,而比較項目不同。

  如:The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.

  This swimming pool is as wide as it is long.

  He is not wise as he is witty.

  也可能兩個主語和兩個比較項目都不同,即兩個不同的人或物就不同的方面進(jìn)行比較。

  如:This swimming pool is not twice as wide as that one is long.

  His uncle was as base and unworthy as his father had been upright and honorable.

  由上述諸例可以看出,當(dāng)主句主語和as-分句主語不同而比較項目相同時,as-分句總是有所省略,即通常用不完全句。但若兩個主語相同而比較項目不同或者兩個主語和兩個比較項目都不相同,(除個別外)as-分句便不能用省略句,而必須用完全句。

  2. more...than…(形容詞或副詞比較級+than-分句):比較級

  如:Jack is brighter than Jones.

  Jack behaves more politely than Jones.

  上述兩句是more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)的一般用法,即在兩個不同事物之間就某一方面作比較more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)除在兩個人或物之間作同一方面的比較而外,還可在同一個人或物的本身作不同方面的比較。

  如:Jack is more daring than quick-witted.

  Jones is more intelligent than aggressive.

  需要注意的是,more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)在前兩句中其比較級既可用more形式,也可以用-er形式;more...than…結(jié)構(gòu)用于后兩句的意義時(與其說……不如說……),比較級只能用more形式,不能用-er形式。more```than結(jié)構(gòu)用于上述意義時,還可以連接兩個名詞詞組。

  如:The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis.

  此外,More…than…結(jié)構(gòu)的一種變體形式是“定冠詞+形容詞或副詞比較級+of-詞組”。

  如:Jack is the brighter of the two boys.

  Of the two boys Jack behaves (the) more politely.

  由上述兩例可以看出,這種變體形式進(jìn)行比較都只用于兩者之間的比較;在第一例中比較級前的定冠詞不可省,而在第二例中比較級前的定冠詞可省(因為是副詞的比較級)。

  3.(the)+形容詞副詞最高級+in/of+比較范圍:最高級

  如果是三個或三個以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較,就要使用形容詞和副詞的最高級。

  如:Of the three boys John behaves (the) most politely.

  Shakespeare was the greatest English dramatist ever known.

  由上述諸例可以看出,表示“最高級”的意義,通常都要有一個“比較范圍”,表示比較范圍可以用介詞詞組,如in the world, of the three boys,也可以用關(guān)系分句或非限定分句,如I have ever read, ever known。比較范圍在一定上下文中可以不表示出來。

  4. like/unlike +名詞短語.與as +句子

  Like/as 的差別在 like是一個介詞,因此它后面只能跟名詞,代詞或者名詞短語,而as后面的必須是完整的句子或者不引起歧義下的省略成分,但是不能是簡單的名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)like和as 修飾的比較對象是名詞,且沒有歧義的情況下;like + n.是更加簡潔的結(jié)構(gòu)。

 ?、貺ike + n. 比較結(jié)構(gòu)

  Like + n.的比較通常放在句首,其比較對象是句子的主語。因此看到這類型的題目首先判斷的就是對應(yīng)的主語是否和like后面接的名詞是對等的對象。

  如:Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.

 ?、贏s+ 句子比較結(jié)構(gòu)

  As+句子的比較通常比較的兩個不同主語,和as…as…結(jié)構(gòu)相似,其后補(bǔ)出助動詞,補(bǔ)出助動詞的原則是必須和主語的類型一致,而且要時態(tài)一致。

  如:Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society, as Rousseau once did.

  As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports were, New York’s were built for an age of propellers, bore jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.

  但是如果as結(jié)構(gòu)自己就帶了時間狀語,那么該as結(jié)構(gòu)的時態(tài)和自己帶的狀語保持一致,而類型和主句保持一致。

  如:According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations. 上12345下

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