留學SAT語法要點之動詞時態(tài).

　　SAT是Scholastic Aptitude Test的縮寫，是申請幾乎所有美國大學必須參加的考試。通常，希望繼續(xù)接受高等教育的高中生需要參加SAT考試，并且SAT考試得分是獲取獎學金的重要標準之一。大部分美國大學要求SAT考試作為錄取的條件并根據(jù)SAT得分授予獎學金。

　　在SAT語法中，動詞是用來描述各類動作、狀態(tài)以及關系的詞類。任何語言，除少數(shù)語言外(如漢語)，都要求每個分句(clause)有且只有一個動詞作謂語；在英語中，動詞具有最豐富的形式變化，所以它不可避免地成為各種考試的重點；SAT語法部分主要考察謂語動詞的兩類變化形式，時態(tài)變化以及數(shù)量變化(主謂一致)。

　　I. 時態(tài) (tense)

　　英語共有16種時態(tài)，SAT重點考察一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時(見附錄1)，掌握這些時態(tài)的用法和相應動詞的變化是解決時態(tài)類型題的基礎。

　　英語的時態(tài)(tense)本質(zhì)上是一種動詞形式，即不同的動詞形式體現(xiàn)不同的時態(tài)。因此，SAT語法題時態(tài)考點主要考察句中謂語動詞形式變化正確與否。

　　時態(tài)考點小結(jié)

　　→通過時間狀語推斷動詞形式

　　→通過上下文動詞的時態(tài)推斷動詞形式

　　→描述文學作品以及陳述客觀真理時用一般現(xiàn)在時

　　→虛擬語氣動詞形式變化

　　→動詞過去式及過去分詞的拼寫

　　一、考點關注

　　1. 通過時間狀語推斷動詞形式

　　判斷謂語動詞時態(tài)的方法有很多，最重要的是抓時間狀語。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中語法錯誤，并說明原因。

　　例句1：Corrupt Chinese officials would have smuggled an estimated RMB 800bn of ill-gotten gains out of the country over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008, according to a report which is released by China’s central bank several days ago.

　　例句1由兩個分句(clause)構(gòu)成，主句中的謂語動詞為“would have smuggled” ，定語從句中的謂語動詞為“is released”。兩個動詞變化分別表示“對過去的虛擬”和“一般現(xiàn)在時”。如何推斷出它們是否正確呢?抓時間狀語：如果句子中出現(xiàn)時間狀語，且謂語動詞發(fā)生在該時間狀語內(nèi)，那么該時間狀語決定了謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化。例句1中，兩個時間狀語分別是over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008與several days ago，都是標志一般過去時的時間狀語，所以兩個謂語動詞分別應為smuggled和was released。簡言之，這一推斷方法為時間狀語決定動詞變化。

　　在SAT語法題中，常會出現(xiàn)以下時間狀語：

　　1) by + 時間點：“到……為止”，常與完成時連用;如果該時間點是過去，應使用過去完成時，該時間點為現(xiàn)在，應使用現(xiàn)在完成時，該時間點為將來，應使用將來完成時。

　　如：We will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal: by 2020, America will once again have had the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.

　　2) over/for/in/during the past/last…years：“在過去的……年內(nèi)”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用

　　如：Over the past 20 years, the international community has reduced the production that consumed ozone materials or chemicals by 95%, which was a remarkable achievement.

　　3) since + 時間點：“自從……起”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用

　　如：Scotland has seen a 2325% rise in incidence of whooping cough since last September, according to experts.

　　4) no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…：“一……就……”no sooner與hardly/scarcely引導的句子謂語動詞應用過去完成時，而than與when引導的句子謂語動詞應用一般過去時。此外，當把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時，應用倒裝語序。

　　如：I had hardly got home when it began to rain.

　　Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

　　2. 通過上下文動詞的時態(tài)推斷動詞形式

　　判斷謂語動詞時態(tài)的第二個主要方法是根據(jù)上下文相關動詞的時態(tài)變化進行推斷。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中語法錯誤，并說明原因。

　　例句2：Analysts said that the market will become increasingly sensitive to contagious risks from the crisis in Greece, not just to other sovereign states but also to Europe’s banking sector.

　　例句2中無論主句還是從句中都沒出現(xiàn)時間狀語，這時只有依靠上下句中謂語動詞變化以及它們的時間關系來判斷。換句話說，如果句子中沒有出現(xiàn)時間狀語，就必須依靠上下文謂語動詞間的時間關系進行判斷，analysts said(分析學家說)這里的動作是一般過去時，而will become是分析學家說的內(nèi)容，為間接引語，兩事件應該同時發(fā)生，時態(tài)應相同，所以應該使用過去將來時would become。簡言之，這一推斷方法為上下文動詞及其時間關系決定動詞變化。以上兩種方法是解決SAT時態(tài)考題的關鍵，很多題目都可以直接應用到這兩種方法。

　　除了以上兩種必須掌握的方法外，時態(tài)考題還會涉及到以下三個考點：

　　3. 描述文學作品以及陳述客觀真理時用一般現(xiàn)在時

　　一般現(xiàn)在時表示通常性、規(guī)律性、習慣性的狀態(tài)或者動作(有時間規(guī)律發(fā)生的事件)的一種時間狀態(tài)。所以在陳述客觀真理時，我們常使用一般現(xiàn)在時。同時，在描述文學作品時，也應該用一般現(xiàn)在時，因為文學作品是永遠不變的，是通常性的狀態(tài)。In other words, the literature is never dead, so don’t talk about it as though it were a corpse。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中動詞時態(tài)錯誤。

　　例句3：Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of playwright William Shakespeare about two young “star-cross’d lovers” whose deaths ultimately united their feuding families.

　　例句3有兩個小句，Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy和whose deaths ultimately united their feuding families，前句使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時，表達某種客觀真理或客觀事實;后者是在描述這部悲劇(文學作品)中的某一個事件，所以也應該用一般現(xiàn)在時(united→unite)。

　　4. 虛擬語氣

　　虛擬語氣是必須要掌握考點，且易出現(xiàn)難題。其要點如下：

　　1)非真實條件句中(if )的虛擬語氣

　　非真實條件句表示不可能實現(xiàn)的或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小的假設。條件句與主句皆須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的時態(tài)形式有三種：

　　If +從句主句

　　對現(xiàn)在事實虛擬If 主語 + 動詞過去式(be的過去式只用were)主語+should/would/could/might+動詞原形

　　對過去事實虛擬If 主語 + had + 過去分詞主語+should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞

　　對將來事實虛擬If 主語 + 動詞過去式(be的過去式只用were)/were to/should主語+should/would/could/might+動詞原形/

　　主語+will+動詞原形

　?、?對現(xiàn)在事實虛擬

　　如：If it were not for the pleadings of my granddaughter, you would be dead already.

　　If modern business people weren&apost able to hold a drink, grab a bite, shake hands and extract a business card all at the same time, the commercial world would grind to a halt.

　　If he knew the mountains, he would go alone. He doesn&apost, so he needs a guide

　?、?對過去事實虛擬

　　如：If that had failed, he would have urged that the matter be resolved in a family court.

　　If I had seen you, I dinitely would have said hello.

　?、?對將來事實虛擬

　　如：If you were to give the money to me, then I would say no more about it.

　　If he should fall, who will carry the flag in his place?

　　2)賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

　　動詞后面接的賓語從句：表示愿望(wish)，建議(suggest, advice, propose. Recommend)，要求(demand ,request, require, insist)，命令(order, command)等。此時無論主語是什么，謂語都要用should + do構(gòu)成，而且should可以省略。

　　如：They demanded that the right to vote (should) be given to every adult man.

　　Rose insisted that the girl (should) be sent to hospital.

　　He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.

　　3)方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

　　as if, as though引導的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣。注意這時虛擬語氣的變化只出現(xiàn)在從句中：

　　如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.

　　He coughed twice as if someone should come.

　　5. 動詞過去式及過去分詞的拼寫

　　在英語中，有很多動詞的時態(tài)變化(過去式和過去分詞)都是不規(guī)則的，這些不規(guī)則變化就成為考試的焦點。動詞過去式及過去分詞不規(guī)則變化錯誤一般只出現(xiàn)在挑錯題中，而且多是完成時(現(xiàn)在完成時/過去完成時)中過去分詞誤用成過去式形式。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中動詞時態(tài)錯誤。

　　例句4：The problems in Libya have not caused a shortage, while increases in prices over the past two weeks have arose only from fears about what might happen next.

　　在例句4中，have arose中的arose變化是錯誤的，其過去分詞形式應為arisen (arise-arose-arisen)。以下是必須掌握的動詞不規(guī)則變化：

　　become/became/become begin/began/begun come/came/come

　　hang/hanged/hanged learn/learnt/learnt teach/taught/taught

　　win/won/won fight/fought/fought spend/spent/spent

　　lose/lost/lost run/ran/run drink/drank/drunk

　　ring/rang/rung sing/sang/sung/ swim/swam/swum

　　draw/drew/drawn fly/flew/flown/ grow/grew/grown

　　rise/rose/risen take/took/taken ride/rode/ridden

　　write/wrote/written wear/wore/worn seek/sought/sought

　　二、真題再現(xiàn)

　　1. Though Douglas designed and built the first computer mouse, he profited little from his invention because it does not become popular until his patent had already expired. (May 2011)

　　(A) it does not become

　　(B) it did not become

　　(C) of them not becoming

　　(D) of their not becoming

　　(E) they had not become

　　解析：該句無時間狀語，可以通過未劃線部分上下文動詞形式，包括designed and built一般過去時，profited一般過去時，had already expired過去完成時來推斷，推斷畫線部分動詞的時態(tài)必須為過去的時態(tài)，再考慮到代詞(見Chapter 2)。

　　2. Whenever Umberto sang in the shower, his voice rings throughout the house. (May 2010)

　　(A) rings (B) is ringing (C) would ring (D) ringing (E) has rung

　　解析：該句無時間狀語，通過未劃線部分上下文動詞形式，推斷畫線部分動詞的時態(tài)使用正確與否，由whenever(無論何時)引導的從句中sang為一般過去時，所以劃線部分rings也應該為過去的時態(tài)。(提示：would do sth.可以表示過去將來以及過去常常雙重含義。)

　　3. By next year the old vaudeville theater had been (A) converted into two small (B) theaters in which (C) films can be shown (D). No error (E)

　　解析：該句有明確的時間狀語by next year，介詞by與時間點連用，意思是到什么時間為止，一般情況用完成時。(提示：by+過去時間用過去完成時;by+現(xiàn)在時間用現(xiàn)在完成時;by+將來時間用將來完成時。)

　　4. According to (A) a recent study, the domestication of (B) cats had began (C) in the Middle East over (D) 100,000 years ago. No error (E)

　　解析：該句是簡單句，謂語動詞為had began,判斷該句過去完成時正確與否。(提示：begin不規(guī)則變化begin/began/begun)

　　5. The memoirs of President Clinton begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate in his rise to the presidency.

　　(A) begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

　　(B) that begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

　　(C) have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

　　(D) have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminating

　　(E) began with his childhood in Arkansas and are culminated

　　解析：從選項的對比就可以看出，這道題考的是時態(tài)。(提示：memoirs：回憶錄,自傳)

　　6. The mayor claimed that a majority of the property owners would have favored her proposal if put to the vote.

　　(A) would have favored her proposal if put

　　(B) would have favored her proposal if it had been put

　　(C) favored her proposal if it would have been put

　　(D) favored her proposal if put

　　(E) favored her proposal if they were put

　　解析：從選項的對比就可以看出，這道題考的是時態(tài)。根據(jù)if引導的非真實條件句，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這是考虛擬語氣。(提示：對過去的虛擬從句應該用had done結(jié)構(gòu)，主句用should/would/could/might + have + 過去分詞。)

　　7. First run in 1867 and still taking place every summer, the Belmont Stakes, a horse race for thoroughbred three-year-olds, was one of the oldest races in the United States.

　　(A) was (B) is (C) were (D) are (E) has been

　　解析：從選項的對比就可以看出，這道題考的是時態(tài)。(提示：雖然這題中有兩個時間狀語in 1867和every summer，但是它們都不限制劃線動詞was，所以不能根據(jù)它們判斷。句子意思：貝爾蒙特大賽馬，一項專門為三歲大的純種馬舉行的比賽，是美國最老的賽馬之一。)

　　8. The bus would not have had to take (A) the long detour instead of (B) the main highway if the bridge did not become (C) treacherous in the aftermath of (D) an ice storm. No error (E)

　　解析：根據(jù)if引導的非真實條件句，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這是考察虛擬語氣的用法。(提示：對過去的虛擬從句應該用had done結(jié)構(gòu)，主句用should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞。)

　　9. Bore she wrote the famous account of her experiences as (A) a Buddhist nun traveling (B) across Japan, Lady Nijo has lived (C) at the court of the Japanese Emperor for over (D) twenty years. No error (E)

　　解析：該句無時間狀語，通過未劃線部分上下文動詞形式，推斷畫線部分動詞的時態(tài)使用正確與否。(提示：由bore(在…之前)引導的從句中wrote為一般過去時，所以主句動詞應該為在過去之前的時態(tài)，即過去完成時。)

　　10. For our hike, my two companions and I (A) had chose (B) to walk along the Appalachian Trail, one of (C) the oldest and best-loved (D) hiking paths in the United States. No error (E)

　　解析：該句是簡單句，謂語動詞為had chose,判斷該句過去完成時正確與否。(提示：choose不規(guī)則變化：choose/chose/chosen)

　　三、難點聚焦

　　時態(tài)考題是SAT語法考題的基礎，難度一般屬于E(easy level)，其難點主要出現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣以及虛擬語氣的省略。

　　虛擬語氣的難點主要體現(xiàn)在(if 引導的)非真實條件句中if的省略：即如果非真實條件句中動詞中有were, had, should時，可以省去if，并把were, had, should提到主語前變成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如：If you had worked harder, you would have good marks in the SAT.

　　→Had you worked harder, you would have got good marks in the SAT.

　　If I were a millionaire, I would buy myself a yacht rather than a stupid house in Beijing.

　　→Were I a millionaire, I would buy myself a yacht rather than a stupid house in Beijing.

　　所以were, had, should放主語前，而又不是一個問句，那么它肯定是一個省略if的非真實條件句。此外這種省略結(jié)構(gòu)還可以變得更為復雜：

　　①省略if的從句放在主句后

　　在初高中的學習中，為了幫助理解，英語老師講到非真實條件句中if的省略結(jié)構(gòu)時，往往只舉從句在主句前的例句，但英語的主從句的位置比較靈活，所以以下的句子就顯得比較陌生，難以接受。

　　如：I would have told him the news had I seen him yesterday.

　　We would have been in Beijing yesterday had we got up earlier.

　?、谡麄€省略if的條件句放在賓語從句，表語從句，或者并列句中

　　當非真實條件句中if的省略結(jié)構(gòu)被放置在從句中，形成非常復雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)時，也比較難以辨認。

　　如：With the sun almost setting down, Jack felt lucky that had it not been for two particularly skillful members of the work crew, he could not have completed the apartment renovation on schedule.

　　四、難題透析

　　1. Had (A) I known that we would be (B) walking the fifteen (C) blocks from the movie theater to the restaurant, I would of (D) worn more comfortable shoes. No error (E)

　　解析：虛擬語氣中if條件句省略了if后形成的倒裝，had放在主語I之前。還原回去應該是if I had known that we would be walking the fifteen blocks from the movie theater to the restaurant, I would of worn more comfortable shoes.

　　2. If there had been a power failure, the hospital will run on electricity from its own generators, which can operate for 200 hours.

　　(A) If there had been

　　(B) If there were

　　(C) Had there been

　　(D) Should there be

　　(E) There has been

　　解析：虛擬語氣if條件句If there had been，時態(tài)為過去完成時，而主句為將來時the hospital will run，在SAT考題中不會出現(xiàn)錯綜虛擬語氣。(提示：所以該句是對將來的虛擬，省略if，形成倒裝。)

　　3. Had it not (A) been for (B) two particularly skillful members of the work crew, we could not have completed (C) the apartment renovations on schedule (D). No error (E)

　　解析：該句是典型的虛擬語氣中if條件句省略后形成的倒裝，省略前的句子應該為if it had not been for two particularly skillful members of the work crew, we could not have completed the apartment renovations on schedule. (提示：該句是對過去的虛擬，主從句動詞變化都是正確的。)

　　4. Only after he had wrote (A) the note did (B) Jason begin to feel (C) remorse (D). No error (E)

　　解析：該句融合了時態(tài)考點和倒裝句(見chapter 2)雙重考點，難度加大。

　　5. I have gone to (A) only one (B) football game after (C) I graduated (D) from high school. No error (E

　　解析：該句是一種逆向考題，正常的思維是通過時間狀語去推斷動詞變化，而該題考察的是通過上下句的動詞變化推斷時間連接詞的使用。

　　想要了解更多關于“留學SAT考試語法”的信息，請撥打免費留學熱線：400-601-0022，或者直接點擊網(wǎng)頁上的“在線咨詢”，與我們的留學專家一對一溝通交流!

　　SAT是Scholastic Aptitude Test的縮寫，是申請幾乎所有美國大學必須參加的考試。通常，希望繼續(xù)接受高等教育的高中生需要參加SAT考試，并且SAT考試得分是獲取獎學金的重要標準之一。大部分美國大學要求SAT考試作為錄取的條件并根據(jù)SAT得分授予獎學金。

　　在SAT語法中，動詞是用來描述各類動作、狀態(tài)以及關系的詞類。任何語言，除少數(shù)語言外(如漢語)，都要求每個分句(clause)有且只有一個動詞作謂語；在英語中，動詞具有最豐富的形式變化，所以它不可避免地成為各種考試的重點；SAT語法部分主要考察謂語動詞的兩類變化形式，時態(tài)變化以及數(shù)量變化(主謂一致)。

　　I. 時態(tài) (tense)

　　英語共有16種時態(tài)，SAT重點考察一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、過去將來時，現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時(見附錄1)，掌握這些時態(tài)的用法和相應動詞的變化是解決時態(tài)類型題的基礎。

　　英語的時態(tài)(tense)本質(zhì)上是一種動詞形式，即不同的動詞形式體現(xiàn)不同的時態(tài)。因此，SAT語法題時態(tài)考點主要考察句中謂語動詞形式變化正確與否。

　　時態(tài)考點小結(jié)

　　→通過時間狀語推斷動詞形式

　　→通過上下文動詞的時態(tài)推斷動詞形式

　　→描述文學作品以及陳述客觀真理時用一般現(xiàn)在時

　　→虛擬語氣動詞形式變化

　　→動詞過去式及過去分詞的拼寫

　　一、考點關注

　　1. 通過時間狀語推斷動詞形式

　　判斷謂語動詞時態(tài)的方法有很多，最重要的是抓時間狀語。

　　請閱讀以下例句，找出其中語法錯誤，并說明原因。

　　例句1：Corrupt Chinese officials would have smuggled an estimated RMB 800bn of ill-gotten gains out of the country over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008, according to a report which is released by China’s central bank several days ago.

　　例句1由兩個分句(clause)構(gòu)成，主句中的謂語動詞為“would have smuggled” ，定語從句中的謂語動詞為“is released”。兩個動詞變化分別表示“對過去的虛擬”和“一般現(xiàn)在時”。如何推斷出它們是否正確呢?抓時間狀語：如果句子中出現(xiàn)時間狀語，且謂語動詞發(fā)生在該時間狀語內(nèi)，那么該時間狀語決定了謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化。例句1中，兩個時間狀語分別是over a 15-year period between the mid-1990s and 2008與several days ago，都是標志一般過去時的時間狀語，所以兩個謂語動詞分別應為smuggled和was released。簡言之，這一推斷方法為時間狀語決定動詞變化。

　　在SAT語法題中，常會出現(xiàn)以下時間狀語：

　　1) by + 時間點：“到……為止”，常與完成時連用;如果該時間點是過去，應使用過去完成時，該時間點為現(xiàn)在，應使用現(xiàn)在完成時，該時間點為將來，應使用將來完成時。

　　如：We will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal: by 2020, America will once again have had the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.

　　2) over/for/in/during the past/last…years：“在過去的……年內(nèi)”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用

　　如：Over the past 20 years, the international community has reduced the production that consumed ozone materials or chemicals by 95%, which was a remarkable achievement.

　　3) since + 時間點：“自從……起”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用

　　如：Scotland has seen a 2325% rise in incidence of whooping cough since last September, according to experts.

　　4) no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…：“一……就……”no sooner與hardly/scarcely引導的句子謂語動詞應用過去完成時，而than與when引導的句子謂語動詞應用一般過去時。此外，當把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時，應用倒裝語序。

　　如：I had hardly got home when it began to rain.

　　Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 上1234567下

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