GMAT考試作為一種非英語(yǔ)考試

　　GMAT考試作為一種非英語(yǔ)考試，對(duì)于verbal部分的考查，重點(diǎn)不在詞匯和基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用上，而在于對(duì)單詞、詞組、句子、段落等語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象之間邏輯關(guān)系的考查。澳際何老師認(rèn)為這種邏輯關(guān)系不單單體現(xiàn)在閱讀部分對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握和邏輯部分對(duì)推理的分析，在句子改錯(cuò)部分也有所反映：一個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句中，分句與分句、詞組與詞組、單詞與單詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系與順序排列問(wèn)題是句子改錯(cuò)題目的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。而句子成分的次序問(wèn)題正是反映了修飾考點(diǎn)的本質(zhì)：某個(gè)修飾成分的存在位置是否合理、句子語(yǔ)序是否正正確。

　　在句中起到修飾作用的成分有不少，如定語(yǔ)從句的修飾，現(xiàn)在分詞的修飾，垂懸修飾，形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)的修飾等。其中，由于GMAT語(yǔ)法中定語(yǔ)從句修飾的考點(diǎn)與日常英語(yǔ)使用有所不同，很多同學(xué)在碰到which、whose等定語(yǔ)從句的修飾問(wèn)題時(shí)常常暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向，本文就對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的梳理。

　　所謂定語(yǔ)從句修飾，從句在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞。名詞的修飾語(yǔ)通常由如下關(guān)系代詞引出：

　　WHICH THAT WHO WHOM WHOSE WHERE WHEN

　　在GMAT語(yǔ)法中，為了避免修飾歧義，定語(yǔ)從句往往就近修飾，如：

　　句1.The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.

　　句中which就近修飾whale。

　　(此處要與日常英語(yǔ)中which 的用法區(qū)別開(kāi)，GMAT語(yǔ)法中Which不能修飾完整的句子。另外，文中所舉例句皆出自《GMAT官方指南》，供同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)參考。)

　　句1是定語(yǔ)從句最普遍的用法，可是同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲱}目的時(shí)候，也可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下情況：

　　句2. Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.

　　在此句中，按照句子邏輯含義，which所修飾的核心詞應(yīng)為letters，但是作為正確選項(xiàng)，本句中which并沒(méi)有就近修飾。Why?

　　GMAT語(yǔ)法認(rèn)為，如果定語(yǔ)從句如不能就近修飾，可以跳躍簡(jiǎn)短成分修飾。簡(jiǎn)短成分包括分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)等。

　　此句中的which并不能就近修飾Susan Huntington Dickinson，(修飾人應(yīng)該用who)，因此跳過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ) to Susan Huntington Dickinson修飾letters。

　　除了which不能修飾人以外，在GMAT語(yǔ)法中，對(duì)于關(guān)系代詞的修飾，還有一些限制的情況：

　　A. That 不能修飾人。

　　錯(cuò)誤：The scientists that made the discovery work very hard.

　　正確：The scientists who made the discovery work very hard.

　　B. Which 修飾物，見(jiàn)例2。

　　C. Who 與whom修飾人。Who在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，whom在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)。

　　句3. Among the objects found in the excavated temple were small terra-cotta effigies left by supplicants who were either asking the goddess Bona Dea's aid in healing physical and mental ills or thanking her for such help.

　　D. 有時(shí)which和whom可跟在介詞后面。

　　句4. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come from the incineration of wastes.

　　E. Whose既可以修飾人，也可以修飾物。

　　句5. As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access to water was less limited.

　　F. 日常英語(yǔ)中，where與in which可以互換。但是在GMAT語(yǔ)法中兩者有所區(qū)別： where一般修飾具體性地點(diǎn)，如：area、country等，in which一般修飾抽象性地點(diǎn)：如condition、situation、case、 circumstance等

　　句6. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.

　　句7. El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.

　　G. When修飾時(shí)間，和in which可互換。

　　句8. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas.

　　舉個(gè)例子：

　　Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.

　　(A) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang

　　(B) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging

　　(C) saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

　　(D) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

　　(E) seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung

　　許多同學(xué)傻傻分不清楚，認(rèn)為本題中定語(yǔ)從句whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline跳過(guò)分詞短語(yǔ)sleeping on the branches對(duì)monkeys進(jìn)行修飾。其實(shí)，ABE的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的whose，由于既可修飾物也可修飾人，應(yīng)就近修飾branches，按照邏輯含義ABE選項(xiàng)皆為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

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